• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.6 no.1_2
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 1973

The effect of water activity on degradation of pigments in dried lavers, Porphyra tenera Kjellm. was examined when stored at room temperature for fifty days. Chlorophyll pigment was extracted with methanol-petroleum ether mixture solvent(2:1 v/v), partitioned in ether, and analysed spectrophotometrically at 662 nm as chlorophyll a. The degradation products of chlorophyll were isolated on sugar-starch column(85:15 w/w) with n-propanol-petroleum ether solution(1:200 v/v) as a developing solvent. The isolated green colored zones were analysed individually at the wavelengths of 650, 662, and 667 nm as allomerized product, chlorophyll a retained, and pheophytin formed respectively. Carotenoida were also extracted with the methanol mixture solvent, partitioned in ether, and finally redissolved in acetone after the evaporation of ether in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The total carotenoid content was measured as lutein at 450 nm. From the results, it is noted that the rate of chlorophyll degradation reached a minimum at 0.11 to 0.33 water activity while progressively increased at higher moisture levels resulting in rapid conversion of chlorophyll to pheophytin. At lower activity, autocatalysed oxidizing reaction like allomerization seemed prevailing the acid catalysed conversion reaction. The loss of carotenoid pigment was also greatly reduced at the range of 0.22 to 0.34 water activity with much faster oxidative degradation at both higher and extremely lower moisture levels. These two moisture levels indicated above at which the both pigments exhibited maximum stability are considerably higher than the BET monolayer moisture which appeared 7.91 percent on dry basis at Aw=0.10 calculated from the adsorption isothermal data of the sample at $20^{\circ}C$. The rate of pigment loss in heat treated samples at 60 and $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours prior to storage somewhat decreased, particularly at higher moisture levels although the final pigment retention was not much stabilized.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.253-259
• /
• 1999

In this study, three simple methods were established to confirm the transgenic potato plants. The leaf disc was used in the first method. After leaf discs of transgenic and non-transgenic potato were transfered into the liquid MS medium with bialaphos 5mg/l, 25 days, the chlorosis occurred in the non-transgenic leaf discs while it could not find in the transgenic leaf discs, In the second method, shoot tips of potato were transferred into MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l bialaphos and 0.6% agar. After 7-10 days, a lot of roots developed from the transgenic shoot tip, but the non-transgenic shoot tip was dead. The third method was using chlorophyll contents. Leaf discs were transferred into the liquid MS medium with bialaphos 0.5 mg/l. After 15 days, the content of chlorophyll A in transgenic plant was at least 2.5 times higher than in non-transgenic plant. In addition, the PAT enzyme activity were detected in the transgenic potato, but not detected in normal potato.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.158-164
• /
• 1989

In order to determine the relationships between the lea(-burning disease and the light harvesting chlorophyll-protein (LHCP) complex in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, we investigated the chlorophyll-protein (CP) complex of the thylakoid membrane and its characteristics. In P. ginseng four Cp-complex bands determined by non-denaturing SDS-PAGE were identified CP I'(containing reaction center of photosystem I and LHCP I antennae), CP I (reaction center of photosystem I) LHCP II** (oligoform of LHCP II), and LHCP II (photosystem II antennae, CP 26 and CP 29) by Bassis and Dunahay's procedures. Under our experimental condition, the CP I band was only observed in P. ginseng and the band intensity of LHCP II** in P ginseng was higher than in spinach and soybean. There were differences in the absorption and fluorescence spectra and chlorophyll a/b ratio of the CP-complex bands between P. ginseng and other Plants. The Polypeptidr content of P. ginseng thylakoid was lower than in spinach and soybean thylakoid, and the Polypeptide profiles of P. ginseng was low band intensity, especially about 29-35 kD, 55 kD, and 60 kD, compared to spinach and soybean. The inhibitory effects of 2,5-dimethylfuran, specific singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$) quencher, showed that singlet oxygen destroyed 60% of chl.a, 90% of chl.b and 70% of carotenoid in bleaching P. ginseng with leaf-burning disease.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.96 no.5
• /
• pp.551-560
• /
• 2007

We investigated physiological damages and biochemical alleviation of five species of genus Acer under ozone fumigation in order to assess their tolerant ability against ozone toxicity. At the end of 150 ppb $O_3$ fumigation, photosynthetic characteristics were measured, and chlorophyll contents, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidative enzyme activities were analyzed in the leaves of five maple trees (Acer buergerianum, A. ginnala, A. mono, A. palmatum, and A. palmatum var. sanguineum). The reduction of chlorophyll (chl) a in ozone-exposed plants was 16.8% (A. buergerianum) to 26.7% (A. ginnala) of control plants. For the content of chi b, A. ginnala and A. palmatum var. sanguineum represented the high reduction of 26.3% and 23.6%, respectively. The highest reduction on the chi a:b ratio was observed in the leaves of A. palmatum. The reduction of net photosynthesis in five species varied from 2.4% to 37.6%. Among five species, A. ginnala showed remarkable reduction (37.6%) for net photosynthesis in comparison with control. Carboxylation efficiency differed significantly (P < 0.05) among species and between control and ozone treatment. The reduction of carboxylation efficiency was the highest in the leaves of A. ginnala (44.7%). A. palmatum var. sanguineum showed the highest increase (41.7%) for MDA content. The highest increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity represented in A. palmatum (26.1%) and the increase of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity ranged from 16.5% (A. ginnala) to 49.1% (A. palmatum var. sanguineum). A. mono showed the highest increase (376.6%) of glutathione reductase (GR) activity under ozone fumigation and A. buergerianum also represented high increase (42.3%) of GR activity. Catalse (CAT) activity increased in the leaves of A. ginnala, A. palmatun and A. palmatum var. sanguineum under ozone exposure, whereas A. buergerianum and A. mono decreased in comparison with control plants. In conclusion, physiological markers such as chlorophyll content and photosynthesis that responded sensitively to $O_3$ in maple trees were considered as the very important indicators in order to evaluate the tolerance against $O_3$ stress, and parameters were closely related with each other. Among anti oxidative enzymes, SOD and APX might be contributed to alleviate to $O_3$ toxicity through the increase of activity in all maple trees. Therefore, these compounds can be used as a biochemical maker to assess the stress tolerance to $O_3$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.56-60
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the relationships between the responses of four crops (rice, soybeans, potatoes, and red pepper) to acid rain, the simulated acid rain(SAR) of pH 1.8, 2.3, and 2.8 and normal rain of pH 6.0 were applied from 30 days after emergence to harvest at the two-week interval for rice, soybeans and red pepper and at a week interval for potatoes. SAR of pH 1.8 and 2.3 caused brown spots in the leaves of rice, soybeans, and red pepper and the damages were severer as the pH of SAR lowered, while no visual damages were observed in potatoes. The SARs did not affect chlorophyll content of rice and potatoes, while chlorophyll content of soybeans and red pepper decreased as the pH of SAR lowered. Photosynthetic activity was not significantly different among the pHs of SAR in rice, while decreased as pHs of SAR lowered from pH 2.8 to 1.8 in soybeans, potatoes, and red pepper. Yield of rice, soybeans, and potatoes was not affected by the pHs of SAR, but in red pepper the length, diameter, and weight of a fruit, the number of fruits per plant, and total matured fruit yield decreased as the pHs of SAR lowered. In rice and potatoes visual damages caused by SAR did not correlated with other observed traits. However, visual damages were negatively correlated with chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity of soybeans and photosynthetic activity and yield of red pepper.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.439-444
• /
• 1983

Effects of temperature and soil moisture on the growth and grain-filling of two wheat cultivars were investigated. Two levels of temperature; day 3$0^{\circ}C$/night $25^{\circ}C$ and day 2$0^{\circ}C$/night 15$^{\circ}C$ and two levels of soil moisture; stressed (45-50% of F.C.) and non-5tressed (50-60% of F.C.) were imposed in the green house from heading date to the maturity and grain weight, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and leaf area index(LAI) were observed at weekly interval. Grain maturation was faster in the high temperature than those in the lower temperature. Chlorophyll content of flag leaf and LAI decreased rapidly in the high temperature and chlorophylls disappeared at the 20 days after heading. In lower temperature condition, slower decrements were shown in chlorophyll content and it remained until 45 days after heading. Grain weights in the high and optimum temperature conditions reached to maximum values at 29 days and 45 days after heading, respectively. Differences of grain weight and chlorophyll content of flag leaf were not significant between stressed and non-5tressed soil moisture condition.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.515-523
• /
• 2012

Recent development and enlargement of reclaimed lands along the sea shores required to explore alternatives to existing crops, which are suitable to grow well and to declare higher profits. The objectives of this study were to investigate yield-related parameters for development of new leafy vegetables, and to screen some candidates among New Zealand spinach genotypes which were collected in Korea. Initially all the collected genotypes were grown for 7 weeks in a greenhouse of the experiment field in Chungnam National University, and then transplanted into the field to measure morphological or physiological parameters (plant height, branch number, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and maximum canopy diameter), and yield-related parameters (leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, fresh weight and dry weight). Those parameters were quantitatively measured at 1, 5 or 9 weeks after transplanting (WAT). Parameters exhibiting statistically significant difference among the accessions were plant height, branch number, maximum canopy diameter, chlorophyll content, and leaf length. In contrast to highly correlated parameters with fresh and dry weight obtained in salt-affected soil in the earlier report, fresh weight was correlated significantly with leaf length (r=0.72), leaf width (r=0.64), and canopy diameter(r=0.66), while dry weight was correlated significantly with plant height (r=0.46), leaf length (r=0.72), leaf width (r=0.73), fresh weight (r=0.79), chlorophyll content (r=0.47), and canopy diameter (r=0.87). Based on the significantly correlated with yield parameters, the candidate accessions which were ranked in top statistical groups include CNU06A01, CNU06A13, CNU06A26, CNU06A35, CNU06A38, and CNU06A55. In order to be cultivated in reclaimed lands, it is necessary to screen out salt tolerant accessions among the above high-yielding genotypes.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.135-151
• /
• 1982

This investigation was carried out to clarify the changes of pigments and soluble protein, and photosystem II activity in the leaves of barley (${SO}_2$-sensitive) and corn (${SO}_2$-resistant) seedlings induced by the ${SO}_2$ fumigation (10, 50ppm). The pH changes of the leaf extract, the content of sulfite and sulfate, the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase were compared in the leaves of barley and corn seedlings induced by ${SO}_2$ fumigation. The results are summarized as follows: An appreciable effect of pH change of leaf extract by ${SO}_2$ fumigation was observed in barley leaves (pH 6.10 to 5.18), but only a small change occurred in corn leaves (pH 5.66 to 5.50). The same pattern of pH changes was recorded when the solution of 0.2N HCl was added to leaf extract, providing lower buffering capacity of the barley leaves than corn leaves. After 2 hours of exposure to 10 ppm ${SO}_2$, the contents of ${SO}^{2-}_3$ and ${SO}^{2-}_4$ were increased in barley leaves, while only ${SO}^{2-}_4$ increased in corn leaves. After fumigation with 10ppm ${SO}_2$ for 2 hours, barley leaves showed significant decreases in activities of catalase, to 17% peroxidase, to 58%, and polyphenoloxidase, to 88%. Corn leaves showed increases in activities of peroxidase, to 136%, and polyphenoloxidase, to 128%. Absorption spectra of pigments obtained from ${SO}_2$-fumigated leaves were gradually decreased with the fumigation time increases, but the decrease was more significant in barley leaves. Fumigation with 50ppm ${SO}_2$ for 2 hours induced the greatest decomposition in carotenoid, followed by chlorophyll a and then chlorophyll b in barley leaves. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b was decreased from 4.1 to 3.6 in barley leaves, but in corn leaves it was maintained almost a constant level(4.9-4.8). The rate of decomposition of chlorophyll and carotenoid in corn leaves was very slow than those in the barley leaves. Fumigation with 50 ppm ${SO}_2$ for 2 hous, decreased the protein content of barley leaves to 59%, and that of corn leaves to 89%, and the extent of decrease in protein content was greater than that of pigments in barley and corn leaves. The rate of DCIP9dichlorophenol indophenol) photoreduction in ${SO}_2$-fumigated leaves was decreased to 18 and 67% in barley and corn leaves, respectively. However, DCIP photoreduction was considerably recovered about 32 and 92% with the addition of DPC(diphenylcarbazide) as an exogenous electron donor in barley and corn leaves, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.78 no.2
• /
• pp.209-217
• /
• 1989

Seedlings of 6 tree species were treated with artificial acid rain and acid mist (pH 5.0, 4.0, 3.0) and ground water (pH 6.5), to select $SO_2$-resistant tree species. The growth variable, leaf injury rate and chlorophyll content were measured and compared among the various pH levels. Seedling height of Rosy multiflora decreased with deceasing pH levels of artificial acid rain and was tallest at control plot, but that of Ailanthus altissima was tallest at pH 5.0 plot. For the seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia, Magnolia obovata and Wistaria floribunda, top and root dry weights per seedling at pH 5.0 plot were higher than those at control plot. Leaf injury rate(injured leaf area and injured leaf rate) increased with decreasing pH levels of artificial acid rain, the changes of leaf chlorophyll content was slightly different among tree species. Leaf chlorophyll content of Rosa multiflora, measured during the period July to September, decreased with decreasing pH levels of artificial acid rain. Leaf chlorophyll content of Magnolia obovata increased on July, but decreased severely on September, with decreasing pH levels, of artificial acid rain.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.163-175
• /
• 2007

This study was initiated to investigate the effect of chitosan on Kentucky bluegrass growth. Chitosan was applied rates of 300, 500, and 800 times dilution at ten-day intervals after transplanting. We observed such growth characteristics asleaf length, root length, numbers of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Treatment of 300 X diluted chitosan resulted in the longest leaf length of 26.2cm comparing with the 17.1cm average leaf length of control. Leaf numbers were 21.4 and 31.7 for the control and the 500 X dilution treatment. The root length in control was 16.8cm while the treatment of 500 X diluted chitosan increased root length to 27.4cm. Chlorophyll content resulted 19.9mg/$100cm^2$ for the control and 25.5mg/$100cm^2$ for the treatment of 300 X diluted chitosan. In general, we found that the treatment of 500 X diluted chitosan resulted higher leaf number, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight.