• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.175-192
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• 1978

Chlorination of the polluted water may produce odoriferous and objectionable-tasting chlorophenols which are hazardous to health. These studies were undertaken to investigate the hazardous effects of chlorophenols to the rat. 1. The chlorophenols such as o-chlorophenol and 2,6-dichlorophenol inhibited rat growth and caused increment of the ratio between liver weight and body weight. 2. The hemoglobin content, hamatocrit ratio and A/G of rat blood were decreased by chlorophenols administration. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in serum as well as in liver were increased provisonally and decreased after one or two weeks adminstration. 3. The liver mitochondrial respiration ($QO_{2}$) was inhibited by chlorophenols treatment in in-vivo and in-vitro test. 4. The liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 was decreased by chlorophenols administration 5. Liver tissue was degenerated with congestion, atrophy, swelling, vacuolation, dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and denature of mitochondrial particle with swelling, and cristal destruction by chlorophenols adminstration. 6. After one and two weeks of adminstration of chlorophenols to rat, the aberrations of bone marrow chromosome and inhibition of its mitosis were observed respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2003

A new technique is proposed for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in tap water. The sample preparation consists of a solid phase extraction (SPE) of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A from a water sample with XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutyloxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatives or tert.-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives for sensitive analysis with the GC/MS-SIM mode. The recoveries were 86.6∼105.2 % (isoBOC derivatization) and 97.6∼484.5 % (TBDMS derivatization), respectively. The limit of quantitation of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A for SIM were 0.001∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l (isoBOC derivatization) and 0.003∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l (TBDMS derivatization). The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9755∼0.9981 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9908∼0.9996 (TBDMS derivatization). The derivative methods and their application to tap water samples will be disscussed.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 1980

Chlorination to polluted water can produce chlorocompounds which may impair human health. It has been discussed that chlorophenols would be one of undesirable substances in drinking water. This study was undertaken to investigate the production mechanism of chlorophenols by chlorination in the disinfection of water and to determine pollution levels of phenols as precursor of chlorophenols and chloropbenols in some sewage, stream water and tap water in the vicinity of Seoul from January to September, 1979. By chlorination with hyperchlorite to phenols in distilled water, o-chlorophenol was predominantly produced at the concentration of less than 10ppm of free chlorine. o-Chlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were also produced by chlorination with the concenration from 20 to 100ppm of free chlorine. From the concentration of 100ppm of free chlorine to 200ppm, o-Chlorophenol was vanished and 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were determined. Phenols originated from night soil, municipal sewage and stream were determined at 49.15 ppm. 0.095 ppm and 0.003 ppm in average respectively. About 87 and 88 percent of phenols in sewage and night soil were biodegradated by aeration for 10 days and 74 and 51 percent of phenols in sewage and night soil by spontaneous settling for 10 days. From the tap water in Seoul during summer, 1979, chlorophenols were identified; they were average 0.042 ppb of o-chlorophenol, 0.033 ppb of 2, 6-dichlorophenol and 0.003 ppb of 2, 4-dichlorophenol respectively. With the above result and discussion, it is considered that chlorophenols should be controlled from the source as well as chlorination in water purification.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2003

A new technique was proposed for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in tap water samples. The sample preparation consists of a solid phase extraction (SPE) of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A from a water sample with XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutyloxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatives or tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives for sensitive analysis with the CC/MS SIM mode. The recoveries were 86.6 ∼ 105.2％ (isoBOC derivatization) and 97.6∼484.5％ (TBDMS derivatization), respectively. The limit of quantitation of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol h for SIM were 0.001∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/1 (isoBOC derivatization) and 0.003∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/1 (TBDMS derivatization). The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9755∼0.9981 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9908∼0.9996 (TBDMS derivatization). When these methods were applied to tap water samples, the range of concentrations were 22.8∼31.3 ng/1 in 2,4-dichlorophenol, 28.6∼70.3 ng/1 in pentachlorophenol, 15.2∼17.4 ng/1 in t-butylphenol, 10.8∼13.2 ng/1 in t-octylphenol and 17.6∼36.3 ng/l in bisphenol A, respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2007

Twelve chlorophenols (CPs) were extracted by liquid phase microextraction (LPME) from the industrial waste-water and analyzed by GC/MS. To establish the optimal conditions, species of extraction solvent, sample amount, pH of sample, salting out effect, a number of sampling and plunger movement speed were investigated. As a result, the linearities of calibaration curves ranged from 0.9913 to 0.9999, while LODs and LOQs were from 0.05 to 10.0 ng/mL except 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol. Using this method, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol confirmed from waste water at the concentration of 784 ng/mL. The method can be applicable to detect chlorophenols from industrial waste-water.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1011-1015
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• 2014

Octadecyl-modified graphene (graphene-C18) was fabricated and used as adsorbent in hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the first time. The extraction performance of graphene-C18 reinforced HF-LPME was evaluated using chlorophenols as model analytes. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency, such as extraction time, pH of the sample solution, agitation rate, the concentration of graphene-C18 and salt addition were optimized. After the graphene-C18 reinforced HF-LPME of the chlorophenols from honey sample, the analytes were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The linearity was observed in the range of 5.0-200.0 ng $g^{-1}$ for 2-chlorophenol and 3-chlorophenol, and 2.0-200.0 ng $g^{-1}$ for 2,3-dichlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol, respectively. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) of the method were lower than 1.5 ng $g^{-1}$. The recoveries of the method were between 88% and 108%. The method is simple, sensitive and has been resoundingly applied to analysis of chlorophenols in honey samples.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2006

The commercially available Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4 resins were modified with macrocyclic protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) or tetrakis(p-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) to enhance the adsorption capacity for phenol and chlorophenols. The chemically modified polymeric adsorbents (XAD-2+PPIX, XAD-2+TCPP, XAD-4+PPIX, and XAD-4+TCPP) were applied to the solid phase extraction as an adsorbent material for the preconcentration of phenol and chlorophenols in environmental waters. Generally, the synthesized adsorbents showed higher recoveries than underivatized adsorbents, XAD-2 and XAD-4, without matrix interferences. Especially, XAD-4+PPIX showed more than 90% recoveries for all compounds used in this study including hydrophilic phenol. The major factor for the increase of the adsorption capacity was the increase of $\pi$-$\pi$ interaction between adsorbents and samples due to the introduction of the porphyrin molecule. However, the breakthrough volumes and recovery values of the XADs+TCPP columns were slightly decreased for the bulky chlorophenols such as TCP and PCP. Using molecular mechanics methods, the structures of TCPP and PPIX were compared with that of porphine, the parent molecule of porphyrin. Four bulky p-carboxyphenyl groups of TCPP were torsional each other, thus the molecular plane of TCPP were not on the same level. In conclusion, the decrease of breakthrough volumes and recovery values of XADs+TCPP columns for bulky phenols can be explained by the steric hindrance of the $\pi$-$\pi$ interaction between porphyrin plane and the phenols.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.735-742
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• 2008

In order to evaluate the levels and distribution patterns, the concentrations of PAHs and chlorophenols were investigated in sludge samples discharged from 6 WWTPs located along Nak-dong river and 7 STPs in Busan, Korea. Levels of 16 PAHs and 19 chlorophenols in sludge samples ranged from 1.28 to 44.9 mg/kg dry wt. and from 213 to 3,850 $\mu$g/kg dry wt., respectively. Levels of PAHs in sludge samples except I5 and S4 were detected lower than those of previous studies. The distribution patterns of PAHs and chlorophenols varied with industrial wastewater sludge samples because industrial wastewater sludge had different industrial input sources. However, the distribution patterns of PAHs and chlorophenols in sewage sludge were pretty similar. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene were dominant and the fractions of these 3 PAHs relative to 16 PAHs in sewage sludge ranged from 30.8 to 50.7%. 2-chlorophenol is dominated in most sewage sludge samples and the fraction ranged from 36.0 to 66.8%.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.120.2-121
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• 2003

The alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) mode followed by two work-up methods for comparison; isoBOC derivatization method and TBDMS derivatization method. Eleven phenols in paper samples were extracted with acetonitrile. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.235.2-236
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• 2002

The alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring mode followed by three work-up methods for comparison: EPA method, isoBOC derivatization method and TBDMS derivatization method. Eleven phenols in water samples were extracted with dichloromethane. (omitted)