• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

Japan's new Basic Ocean Law took effect in 20 July 2007. This law contains that 1) calls for the consolidation of eight government offices that previously worked separately on maritime issues; 2) establishes a basic plan for maritime matters, and; 3) creates a comprehensive maritime policy headquarters, run by the Prime Minister. The result is a structure for the integrated promotion of maritime policy. The Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has been appointed to the newly established position of maritime minister. Japan has been in conflict with Korea and China over EEZ and territory, which has caused the country to turn to ocean. If Japan puts more emphasis on sea, it will be on a collision course with neighboring countries such as Korea, China, Russia, and Taiwan. Japan has been at odds with these countries; with Korea over Dokdo islets, with China over the Senkaku Islands and the East China Sea, where gas fields lie, with Taiwan over fishery rights in the East China Sea, with Russia over the Kuril Islands. Korea's position about the establishment of Japan's new Basic Ocean Law is followed: 1) expression of Korea's position in maritime resourcces of east china sea, 2) understand of strategy for maritime resources development and maritime delimitation in China and Japan, 3) a caution for extention of EEZ and maritime activities, 4)effective and comprehensive policy establishment, and strength in R&D, 5) construction of active and responsive system for maritime issues in neighbor country.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

Purpose - This research undertakes to understand the trade structures of both China and Japan to strengthen Sino-Japan economic cooperation and examines impediments to trade between the 2 countries to analyze causes which affect trade and to examine improvements in these areas to find out ways of trade expansion. Through this survey of a defined period of time, we can identify the structural factors of trade dependence in the relationship between China and Japan. Research design, data, methodology - The data were collected from Korea Traders Association, Korea Customs Office and UN Comtrade, from which whole table indexes are calculated by author. This research methodology uses trade related indexes to focus on analyzing comparative advantages based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000~2012), by using the analysis index of Trade Intensity Index (TII), Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and Trade Specialization Index (TSI). Results - The export ratio for China against Japan was a little higher in 2000 at 2.867 and the export ratio for China against Japan was sustained in 2005. However, it diminished gradually and reached 1.263 in 2012. During the whole period of 2000~2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. Especially, in 2012 it is the closest it has been to -1. Therefore, Japan has a comparative advantage toward export specialization. On the other hand, China has a comparative advantage toward import specialization. For the whole research period, all indexes were much smaller than 1, which means that China has comprehensively had a comparative disadvantage against Japan for the past 10 years when compared to other industries, even though it had improved in 2000. Conclusions - The summary of conclusions based on empirical analysis research are as follows: First, per the Trade Intensity Index of industries between the 2 countries, we can conclude that export ratio index is 2.867, based on the formula, in 2000, which means the export ratio of China against Japan is a little bit higher. Furthermore, the ratios of 2.259 and 1.263 are indicated in 2005 and 2012 respectively which mean the export ratio of China against Japan was maintained in 2005 but was diminishing gradually as the index is 1.263 in 2012. Second, per the Trade Specialization Index of the shipping industry between China and Japan, -0.379 is indicated in 2000, -0.368 in 2005 and -0.568 in 2012. Looking at the whole period of 2000~2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. Especially, in 2012 it is the closest it has been to -1. Third, per the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of the automobile industry between China and Japan, the RCA indexes in 2005 and 2012 are 0.246 and 0.306 respectively which are still far from 1 even though the index is improved compared to 2000's value of 0.0001. Therefore, the Chinese automobile industry is very much at a comparative disadvantage to that of the Japanese automobile industry.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.75-83
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to find how Northeast Asia(Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan) supervise herbal formulas in their pharmacopoeia.Methods : We compared items, formula's effects, formulations, etc and analyzed common formulas among Northeast Asia`s herbal pharmacopoeia (Korea(2010), China(2010), Taiwan(2013), Japan(16th Edition), drugs in Japan OTC Drugs (2007-2008))Results : The Korean Pharmacopoeia, the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Taiwan herbal pharmacopoeia, the japanese pharmacopoeia, drugs in Japan OTC drugs and pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China have 5, 251, 200, 20, 294, 1059 formulas, respectively. In comparison of pharmacopoeia`s test item, Korea and Japan has many similarity, for example, not refer to the effect of formulas. Korea and China have many inspection test of formulations in pharmacopoeia. Each country has differences in ratio of efficacy categories. For example, China especially has a higher ratio of formulas that regulate the blood and Korea has higher ratio of formulas that calm the spirit and open the sensory orifices than those of other 3 countries. There are 17 common formulas among the 4 countries and 43 common formulas among Korea, Taiwan and Japan. Comparing dosage forms, Korea, Japan, Drugs In Japan OTC drugs, Taiwan, China uses 4, 2, 14, 3, 21 formulations, respectively.Conclusions : China has many formulations and new formulas. Taiwan and Japan supervised formulas only selected by the authorities. However, Korean pharmacopoeia has similar form with Japan and need to add more formulas on demand and new formulations.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.127-148
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• 2009

The objective of this paper is to evaluate of fisheries competitiveness in Korea, China and Japan. A joint research with researchers from Korea, China and Japan from 2007 to 2008 was conducted to analyze competitiveness of each respective fishery industry. An industry's competitiveness means the aggregated and potential abilities of the infrastructure, producers and other operators in the industry. The study improved the Norway-Iceland Model developed by the FCI Team(2005) and applied it to the fisheries of the 3 countries. To compare competitiveness of each fishery from the 3 countries, the study examined 87 items including 64 questions and 23 statistics items. Korea fisheries' competitive advantage over China is in marketing capability. Capabilities of fishing companies and fishing processors are also slightly over Japan's performance. However, Korea holds an absolute disadvantage over China and Japan when it comes to the macroeconomic environments and government support, industrial environments and infrastructure, and production and management. Korea's fishing companies and fishing processors especially are much weaker than those of China. In conclusion, Korea needs strategies to advance the industry's structure, China needs to expand the industry's base and Japan needs to differentiate the industry.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2005

It is widely accepted that, at present, the SO$_2$ emissions in China are not increasing thanks to the rigorous Chinese government policies. However, with the development of western China, it is possible that the SO$_2$ emission amounts might increase in regional scale. In this study, changes of sulfur deposition pattern and unprotected ecosystem in east Asia due to the sulfur emission pattern changes in China are studied by using the RAINS-Asia model. Five scenarios have been postulated to understand the effects on east Asia, especially, on Korea and Japan. It is found that the increase of SO$_2$ emission in western China might increase the total emission in whole China. And the amount of sulfur deposition from western China on east Asia would be higher than those from eastern China. The deposition amount of sulfur species on Asia is 3.2 Mt when SO$_2$ are emitted from western China only while 2.6 Mt from eastern China only. Generally, Korea and Japan are influenced more by emissions from eastern China than western China. However, if the SO$_2$ emissions from western China increase by 100% while those decrease by 10% in eastern China compared to the base case, the deposition amount of sulfur species on Korea and Japan would be higher than the base case. The fraction of unprotected ecosystem in Korea and Japan for the base case are 50 and 5%. However, if the emissions from western China increase by 100% while those decrease by 10% in eastern China, the fraction of unprotected ecosystem in Korea and Japan would be 52 and 6%.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.178-187
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• 2001

Objective ; This Study was carried out to review the history of acupuncture & moxibustion in Korea under the control of imperialized Japan and to compare the history among Korea, China and Japan. Results ; Under the control of imperialized Japan the science of acupuncture & moxibustion in Korea has experienced the dark ages because of the momentary disordered medical laws made by Japan. As we compare the history of acupuncture & moxibustion among Korea, China and Japan, Korea was simple but systemic, China was complicate but complex and Japan was nearly surgical. Conclusion ; The science of acupuncture & moxibustion of Korea was mostly advanced in the late Chosun and did not just imitate that of China and has advanced uniquely.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.52-70
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• 2014

Gathering polling items about China and Japan from 1937 to 2011, we examine how Americans think about these two powerful East Asian countries. Our study investigates American attitudes from two perspectives. First, we analyze the content of polling items asked in the US about China and Japan to track changes in salient issues over a period of over 60 years. Second, by tracking repeated items, we show how American attitudes toward China and Japan have changed over time, both in long-term general favorability, and shorter-term perception of geopolitical, ideological, and economic threat in response to historical events.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2081-2085
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• 2012

Background: To investigate the value of ultrasound elastography (UE) in the differentiation between benign and malignant enlarged cervical lymph nodes (LNs). Methods: B-mode ultrasound, power Doppler imaging and UE were examined to determine LN characteristics. Two kinds of methods, 4 scores of elastographic classification and a strain ratio (SR) were used to evaluate the ultrasound elastograms. Results: The cutoff point of SR had high utility in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant of cervical lymph nodes, with good sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Conclusion: UE is an important aid in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant cervical LNs.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.253-268
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• 2019

This paper analyses the characteristics of partner countries when multinational firms of Korea, China, and Japan make greenfield FDI in foreign countries. Particularly, this paper applies the gravity model for greenfield FDI flows for the period 2003-2017. This paper finds that multinational firms of Korea, as compared to those of China and Japan, are very significantly and negatively responsive to political risks of partner countries. In contrast, multinational firms of Korea as well as those of China and Japan tend to make greater amounts of greenfield FDI in financially high-risk countries. This result indicates that multinational firms from these three countries should take financial risks of partner countries into more serious consideration.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.13-23
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• 2018

Purpose - This research is to give managerial implication about difference or/and similarity to Korea, China and Japan employee management. To do that this research focus on relationship analysis among transformational leadership, job satisfaction and turnover intention of Korea, China and Japan employees. Research design, data, and methodology - This research focuses on relationship analysis among transformational leadership, job satisfaction and turnover intention of Korea, China and Japan employees. The research includes mediating role of job satisfaction and moderating effect of nationality. Transformational leadership is comprising with idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Results - It shows intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration increase job satisfaction. Idealized influence decreased turnover intention. This study analyzed job satisfaction as mediator between transformational leadership and turnover intentions. However idealized influence which gives only direct influence to turnover intention. And nationality shows significant moderating effect on relationships. Conclusions - This paper provide implication to decrease turnover intention of Korea, China and Japan employees. In general managers should consider job satisfaction and transformational leadership. However in detail there is no antecedent shared in all three countries which means cautious approach is needed in managing three countries.