• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2006

Photoinhibition and photoprotection of PSII in the leaves of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Hoagland solution and Tap water were compared. Though changes in the rates of $O_2$ evolution as a function of photon fluence rate (PFR) were comparable, the rates of respiration in the dark was 3 times higher in the Hoagland solution grown leaves than in the Tap-water grown ones. Compared to Hoagland solution grown plane, PSIIs of Tap water grown pepper leaves were more susceptible to photoinhibitory light treatment. In order to inactivate functional PSII to the same extents, Hoagland solution grown plants required almost 2-fold high light $(1600{\mu}molm^{-2}s^-)$ treatment than those of Tap water $(900{\mu}molm^{-2}s^-)$. Interestingly, the remaining fraction of PSII in Hoagland grown pepper was able to survive under prolonged illumination in the presence of lincomycin, which probably means that the growth condition of plant seemed to have an effect on the recovery of PSII from light stress. When PSII was severly photoinactivated at a chilling temperature, recovery was observed only if the residual functional PSII were not inhibited with DCMU, Nigericin and MV during recovery. In conclusion, PSIIs grown in the Hoagland solution was more resistant to excess light than in the Tap water grown one and the recovery of PSII from photodamage was more efficient in Hoagland grown pepper leaves than Tap water grown one, which means that the increased dark respiration may play a important role in the protection of PSII from photoinhibition by helping repair photosynthetic proteins (in particular, the D1 protein of PSII) degraded by photoinhibition.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.487-494
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• 2013

T-DNA가 표지된 집단에서 AlaAT 유전자가 깨어진 돌연변이체(alaat)를 분리하고, AlaAt1 특이 프라이머를 이용하여 유전자형을 결정하였다. Alaat의 표현형은 대조구와 비교해서 생장의 감소를 보였고, 종자 역시 작고 생산성의 감소를 보였다. 돌연변이체의 AlaAT 활성은 거의 검출되지 않았다. 고염 스트레스 하에서 alaat의 반응을 엽록소 형광과 항산화 효소들의 활성 및 RT-PCR을 이용하여 대조구와 비교하였다. 고염, 건조 및 저온과 같은 모든 비생물적 스트레스에 대한 Fv/Fm은 대조구와 alaat 둘 다 감소를 보였으며, 비생물적 스트레스에 대한 엽록소 형광은 거의 유사하였다. 항산화 효소인 peroxidase (POX)의 활성은 고염 스트레스에 의해 대조구는 증가하나 alaat에서는 오히려 감소하였다. RT-PCR에 의한 cAPX, POX 및 AlaAT mRNA의 수준을 분석한 결과, 효소 활성과 마찬가지로 AlaAt mRNA는 alaat에서 나타나지 않았고, POX2 mRNA는 대조구는 약간의 증가를 보이나 alaat는 거의 검출할 수 없었다. cAPX mRNA는 대조구와 alaat 모두 고염 스트레스에 의해 크게 증가하였다. 이 같은 결과는 AlaAT 유전자 기능의 상실은 염 스트레스 하에서 벼 식물의 생장에 대해 광합성능 보다는 항산화 효소, 특히 POX 활성 및 합성을 변화시킬 수 있음을 제안한다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.318-346
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• 1994

A Bibliographical study was done about lumbago in oriental internal Medicine. The results are as follows. 1. Shenxu,sexual active, senile, Feng, Han, Shi, shiji, Tanyin and Qi lumbago are applicable to internal medical lumbago in oriental medicine, and Shenxu is essential pathogenesis. 2. Shenxu lumbago is characterized by continous pain, improved after chiropsia, deep pulse in Chi pulse, and used QingeWan, LiuweiDihuangWan and AnshenWan in herb-medicine. and Cortex Eucommiae, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata and Fructus Psoraleae in drugs for the purpose of ZishenYijing, and related to lumbago caused by chronic prostatitis, calculus or tumor in kidney and diabetes mellitus. 3. Sexual active lumbago is dim-aching and weak pain in or after sexual life at low back and knee joint, and classified to Shenyang Buzu, ShenjingKuisun. GanshenYinxu and XinshenBujiao ; Liuwei Dihuang Wan, ZuoguiWan In herb-medicine. Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum, Fructus Lycii and Fructus Corni in drug were used for treatment. 4. Senile Lumbago is a kind of consumptive disease due to exhaused essential energy and caused by lack of Shenjing, Yangqi ; and described as repeated mild dim pain and ErzhiWan, QingeWan and MoyaoGao were used frequently, supposed to connected with osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteoarthropathy deformons caused by aging. 5. Feng lumbago is attacked by Liuyin, and characterized by chilling and fever. stabbing pain from thoracic and lumbar vertebrae to pedes, and used WujiXan, XiaoxumingTang for treatment. Han lumbago is caused by cold's attacking Shenjing, distinguished for chilling,icing sense improved by heat on low back, and used WujiXan, JiangfuTang. Shi lumbago is caused by damp's inflowing Shenjing, described as stone-like lumbago which was subsided low back pain growing worse by gloomy rain, and used ShenshiTang. ShenzhuTang for the purpose of ZaoshiXingqi. And it is supposed that lumbago occured in the initial of urinary track infection was belong to those of Feng,Han and Sill's. 6. Sillji lumbago is caused by pathogen being in the spleen and the stomach, and used ChenxiangJiangqiTang, PingweiSan for treatment. And it is supposed that it belong to lumbago caused by gastrointerstinal disease such as peptic ulcer. gastroduodenal tumor and colonic inflammatory disease. 7. Tanyin lumbago is caused by Tanyin's flowing meridian, characterized by thoracolumbar verterber's heaviness, covered sense with something on low back and painless massage. Kuaiqi-drug are added to ErchenTang, DaotanTang for treatment, and it supposed that Tanyin lumbago's belong to that accompanied with metabolic disease such as obesity and gout. 8. Qi lumbago is caused by excessive stress such as melancholy and fury, described as multiple stabbing pain, an unexpected on and improvement, ranging back pain until flank and abdomine. Tiaoqi-drugs were added to RenshenShunqiSan, WuyaoShunqiSan for treatment, and it supposed to connecting with emotional lumbago such as hysteria, feigned illness and anxiety psychosis.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2007

출하전 절식과 출하 취급이 출하돈의 혈액성상과 도체품질에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 출하전 12시간, 24시간 절식한 그룹 및 절식하지 않는 그룹으로 구분하고 각각의 그룹에 대하여 출하 취급을 최대한 부드럽게 혹은 상차, 하차, 계류 과정에 전기봉 사용을 포함하여 고의적으로 거칠게 하는 그룹으로 나누어 체중 약 110kg에 출하되는 삼원교잡종 비육돈 144두를 공시하여 조사, 분석하였다. 모든 출하돈은 계류장 도착 후 3시간 동안 계류하였다. 혈액은 도축직후에 채취하였고 배최장근 시료는 도축 12시간 후(overnight)에 채취하여 분석에 사용하였다. 혈중 glucose 농도는 절식하지 않은 그룹에 비하여 12시간 및 24시간 절식 그룹이 낮았으나 cortisol 농도는 반대로 절식하지 않은 그룹에 비하여 24시간 절식 그룹이 높게(p<0.05) 나타났다. 스트레스와 관련된 glucose, cortisol, creatine kinase 및 lactate dehydrogenase 농도는 출하 취급을 부드럽게 한 그룹에 비하여 고의적으로 거칠게 취급한 그룹에서 높았다. 그러나 스트레스 관련 혈액성상에 대한 절식시간과 취급 스트레스간의 상호작용 효과는 인정되지 않았다. PSE 발생율과 drip loss는 절식하지 않은 그룹보다 12시간, 24시간 절식 그룹이 낮았으나 도체 pH와 육색은 절식 시간의 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 PSE 발생율과 도체의 이화학적 특성은 출하 스트레스에 의한 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 결론적으로 출하전 12시간(하루밤) 절식은 PSE 발생을 줄이기 위한 좋은 방법이 될 수 있다. 또한 충분한 계류는 출하시 거친 취급으로 인한 도체품질에 미치는 영향을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 그러나 출하 취급이 거칠면 혈중 스트레스 관련 지표들의 농도가 증가하여 동물복지를 나쁘게 할 수 있어 거친 취급은 피해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2009

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1.95), catalyzes the reduction of hydroxycinnamaldehydes to give hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, or "monolignols," the monomeric precursors of lignin. Lignins are important components of cell walls and lignified secondary cell walls play crucial roles in long distance transport of water and nutrients during plant growth and development and in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Here a cDNA clone containing a CAD gene, named as PgCAD, was isolated from a commercial medicinal plant Panax ginseng. PgCAD is predicted to encode a precursor protein of 177 amino acid residues, and its sequence shares high homology with a number of other plant CADS. The expression of PgCAD in adventitious roots and hairy roots of P. ginseng was analyzed using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR under various abiotic stresses such as salt, salicylic acid, wounding and chilling treatment that triggered a significant induction of PgCAD at different time points within 2-48 h post-treatment. This study revealed that PgCAD may help the plants to survive against various abiotic stresses.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.363-367
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• 2004

The deep irrigation of rice plants brings about some beneficial effects such as reduced tiller production which results in the formation of bigger panicles, prevention of chilling injury, reduced weed growth, etc. The present study was carried out to examine the involvement of ethylene in the suppression of tiller production due to deep water irrigation in rice (cv. Dongjinbyeo). The ethylene production was induced in leaf sheath within 24 hours after the deep water irrigation and has increased even until 30 days after the treatment, recording 4.5-fold increase as compared to the shallow-irrigated rice plants. In the deep water irrigated rice plants, ethylene was accumulated to a high concentration in the air space of submerged leaf sheath as the irrigated water deterred the diffusion of ethylene out of the leaf sheath and ethylene biosynthesis was accelerated by the deep irrigation as well. The ethylene concentration recorded 35-fold increase in the deep-irrigated rice plants for 35 days. The tiller production was reduced significantly by the deep irrigation with water, the tiller bud, especially tertiary tiller bud differentiation being suppressed by the deepwater irrigation treatment, whereas the rice plants deep-irrigated with solutions containing $10^{-5}$ M or $10^{-6}$ M silver thiosulfate (STS), an action inhibitor of ethylene, showed the same or even higher production of tillers than those irrigated shallowly with water. This implies that the ethylene is closely linked with the suppression of tiller production due to deep water irrigation. In conclusion, ethylene, which was induced by hypoxic stress and accumulated in the leaf sheath due to submergence, played a key role in suppressing the tiller production of the deepwater irrigated rice.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제34권s02호
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• pp.96-114
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• 1989

There are several meterorolgical stresses in the winter cereal crops. Among these stresses, cold injury is one of the most important stresses for wheat and barley production in Korea. The reduction in grain yield of the wheat and barley due to cold injury has occurred almost every year in Korea. The objective of the study was to get the basic information in relation to the cold injury and to detect the method minimizing the damage of cold injury. When the air temperature was the ranges of -13$^{\circ}C$ to -15$^{\circ}C$, the soil temperature at the crown part of the plant was very stable, whereas in the ranges of -2$^{\circ}C$ to -3$^{\circ}C$ the soil surface temperature was more unstable and cold than air and subterranean temperatures. The different parts of the plant in wheat and barley possess the different levels of cold hardiness. In comparison to the cold hardiness of plant parts, the leaf and crown are the less sensitive to cold injury than root and vascular transitional zone. The type and extent of stress is determined by the redistribution pattern of water during freezing. These types from freezing processes were three types: a) Equilibrium freezing pattern b) Non -equilibrium freezing pattern, c) Non-equilibrium freezing pattern typical of tender tissues. Cold hardiness in wheat plants were more harder than barley plants at vegitative stage, but inverted at the reproductive stage. Injuries by low temperature during the seasons of barley cultivation in Korea were occured mainly in four stage; in the first and third stage, frost injury occurs, the second stage, freezing injury, and the fourth stage, chilling injury.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.246-253
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• 2017

Objective: Present study explores the effect of hot summer period on the glycolytic rate of early post-mortem meat quality of Ghungroo and Large White Yorkshire (LWY) pig and comparative adaptability to high temperature between above breeds by shifting the expression of stress related genes like mono-carboxylate transporters (MCTs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs). Methods: Healthy pigs of two different breeds, viz., LYW and Ghungroo (20 from each) were maintained during hot summer period (May to June) with a mean temperature of about $38^{\circ}C$. The pigs were slaughtered and meat samples from the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were analyzed for pH, glycogen and lactate content and mRNA expression. Following 24 h of chilling, LD muscle was also taken from the carcasses to evaluate protein solubility and different meat quality measurements. Results: LWY exhibited significantly (p<0.01) higher plasma cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase concentration than Ghungroo indicating their higher sensitivity to high temperature. LD muscle from LWY pigs revealed lower initial and ultimate pH values and higher drip loss compared to Ghungroo, indicating a faster rate of pH fall. LD muscle of Ghungroo had significantly lower lactate content at 45 min postmortem indicating normal postmortem glycolysis and much slower glycolytic rate at early postmortem. LD muscle of LWY showed rapid postmortem glycolysis, higher drip loss and higher degrees of protein denaturation. Ghungroo exhibited slightly better water holding capacity, lower cooking loss and higher protein solubility. All HSPs (HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90) and MCTs (MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4) in the LD muscle of pigs inclined to increase more in Ghungroo than LWY when exposed to high temperature. Conclusion: Effect of high temperature on the variation of HSPs and MCTs may play a crucial role in thermal tolerance and adaptation to different climatic conditions, pH regulation, muscle acidification, drip loss, protein denaturation and also in postmortem meat quality development.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1989

soybean hypocotyl에서 분리한 미토콘드리아로부터 submitochondrial particles와 matrix 단백질 추출액을 준비하고 전기분해법으로 제조한 superoxide를 처리하여 malate dehydrogenase 및 cytochrome C oxidase의 불활성화와 mitochondrial membrane의 과산화를 각각 조사하였다. 막에 결합되어 있는 cytochrome C oxidase나 수용액상태의 malate dehydrogenas는 모두 $O^{-}_{2}$에 대해 매우 민감하게 불활성화되었다. 즉 dismutation 반응이 빠르게 진행되어 실질적으로 효소의 불활성화에 기여하게 될 농도는 대단히 낮을 것으로 추정되는 $O^{-}_{2}$의 명목상 처리농도 1.4mM 전후에서 두 효소는 그 활성을 완전히 상실하였다. 한편 malondialdehyde의 생성을 지표로 하여 측정된 membrane 과산화는 인지질로서만 이루어진 liposome의 경우보다는 다소 낮은 수준이었으나 무시할 수는 없는 정도였다. mitochondrial membrane의 과산화가 상대적으로 억제된 것은 막에 결합되어 있는 항산화제 및 단백질들에 의한 $O^{-}_{2}$소거효과에 기인하였으리라 해석된다. 식물 미토콘드리아의 대표적인 대사과정인 TCA cycle과 호흡전자전달반응의 성분효소들인 malate dehydrogenase와 cytochrome C oxidase가 불활성화되었고 membrane이 과산화 되었다는 사실은, 식물의 냉해와 광피해 발현기작에서 공히공통적인 화학적 인자로 인정되는 $O^{-}_{2}$의 과잉생성 및 축적이 그것의 주 생성처인 미토콘드리아의 생화학적 기능과 구조에 미칠수 있는 파괴적 효과를 적절히 지시하는 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.639-643
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• 2010

비육우의 공장, 회장 및 결장의 특징적 괴사 출혈성 장염 증상은 폐사 증후군과 관련이 있는 것으로 인식되고 있다. 특히 젖먹이 송아지들이 폐사 증후군에 가장 영향을 받는데, 포유시 송아지에게 과식을 시키거나, 비위생적 초유 급유, 체온 하강 및 스트레스는 장독혈증 발생의 원인들이다. 2006년 7월 중 경북 영천 지역에서 축우의 폐사가 발생하였다. 식욕부진, 의기소침, 간헐적인 설사 및 경미한 호흡 곤란을 제외하고는 특별한 임상 증상은 없었으나, 조직학적 소견에 의하면, 심장, 신장, 간, 비장 및 임파선을 포함한 각종 기관에서 globular leukocytes 의 침윤뿐 아니라 핵내 봉입체가 현저하게 나타났다. 비장과 림프조직에서는 림프 괴사와 림프구 괴사로 인한 'starry sky appearance'를 나타내었다. 소장 점막 하에서는 다량의 globular leukocytes와 호산 구의 침윤과 함께 호 염기성 세포 집단이 관찰되었다. 봉입체가 있는 소장 조직의 단면은 그램 염색에 대해 조직 화학적으로 양성 반응을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 비축우의 폐사 원인은 조직학적 및 조직화학적 분석 결과를 근거로 Clostridium perfringens D 형균에 의한 장독혈증으로 진단되었다.