• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to classify risk groups according to Caries Risk Assessment (CRA) and to investigate the effect of caries prevention program after 1 year of caries prevention intervention program in 6-year-old infants with high caries risk. The subjects were selected based on responses to CRA questionnaires. At the first visit, oral examination, Cariview, bacteria and saliva flow test were performed. The caries risk group was classified accordingly. The subjects were given fluoride application and oral health education every four months and evaluated the same as the first visit after 1 year. As a result of classifying the risk level according to CRA, more than 80% of the subjects were in the high or extreme high risk. The dft index was increased in all risk groups after the intervention. There was a significant difference between the before and after intervention (p<0.05). The Cariview score showed a slight decrease after the intervention in the moderate and high risk groups. As a result of the evaluation of bacteria test, Streptococcus mutans were decreased to ${\geq}10^5CFU/ml$ saliva after intervention in all groups. Lactobacilli were decreased after intervention in high risk and extreme high risk groups. As a result of saliva flow, there was significant difference between caries risk groups before and after intervention (p<0.05). In conclusion, regular caries management has been shown to influence caries risk factors in high-caries risk children. Also, it is necessary to find out periodical dental risk management system which is suitable for domestic situation through the related studies.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.543-551
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the experience of the parents who examined the first infant oral examination and to understand how to improve the practical oral examination business. In-depth interviews were held with 10 parents who did the first infant oral examination, and their children's age was less than 18 to 29 months. The following conclusions were obtained by deriving the concepts and categories of the recorded contents. First, the main reason for the unsatisfactory examination of this study was that it was formal. Parents were disappointed in the fact that they did not look at the mouth of the child at the same time as it was fast and they said because it is carried out free of charge, it is more formal than the examination for general dental treatment. Second, most of the participants questioned whether they should resume infant oral examination. Third, it appears that the tooth number or dental terminology in the result notice is difficult to understand. Fourth, the opinion on the improvement of the infant oral examinations was should provided that the oral health management information after examination and the direct oral health management method education at the examination. In addition, we identified the need for parents' oral health care education for infants. Therefore, it has been confirmed that in order for the infant oral examination and young children to be practically carried out, the problems should be improved by collecting opinions of the parents. Also it is necessary to search for efficient business management method through repeated research related to infant oral examination.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze the change process in order to set the improvement strategies for the zoo in the Seoul Children's Grand Park. The zoo can be reviewed through three significant time periods with noticeable changes. As a framework to analyze the major changes that happened in the zoo, this study looks at the changes in terms of the planning aspect as well as the animal welfare and program operation aspect. The findings are as follows: first, the era of general theme park turned out to have focused on exhibiting animals to meet visitor demands by expanding the zoo area of the zoo without enlarging stockyards for the animals. Second, the environmental park era created a zoo having entertaining and educational functions by arranging animal houses with the concept of zoological taxonomy and introducing animal behavioral enrichment, animal welfare programs and visitor participatory programs. The era of the zoo as an Urban Cultural Park improved old animal houses and facilities for the welfare of the animals and increased educational programs to preserve species and provide environmental education. The current status of the zoo turns out not to meet the conditions for creating an ecological zoo, which is the overall goal for contemporary zoos. The improvement strategies based on the analysis through three different eras are three-fold. First, the zoo needs to improve the boundary conditions of the animals to showcase animal wildness through landscape immersion. Second, the zoo should provide a shared environment for animals from the same habitats by changing the classification methods from the existing polyphyletic taxon to a classification that considers ecological habitat. Third, the zoo needs to develop various ecological education programs by supplementing specialists in professional education.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2006

Purpose : Cytomegalovirus(CMV) infection still remains as a major cause of morbidity and mortality after stem cell transplantation. In this study, we analyzed the results of antigenemia-guided preemptive therapy among children with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with CMV antigenemia, and evaluated the efficacy of the CMV antigenemia based preemptive therapy. Methods : We enrolled 213 pediatric patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT), at the Catholic HSCT center between October 1998 and December 2003. Pre-emptive ganciclovir was started when more than 5 CMV Ag-positive cells were detected in matched sibling HSCT, and when any Ag-positive cells were seen in unrelated allogenic HSCT. Results : CMV antigenemia was observed in 88(41.3 percent) of 213 patients on median day 28(day 11-99). In univariated analysis, use of unrelated donors(other than siblings), age of recipient(more than 5 years at transplant) at transplantation, the presence of recipient CMV-IgG before transplantation, TBI-based conditioning regimen and the presence of acute GvHD(grade ${\geq}II$) were the risk factors for positive CMV antigenemia. In multivariate analysis, unrelated bone marrow transplantation, positive recipient CMV serology and acute GvHD(grade ${\geq}II$) were the independent risk factors for positive CMV antigenemia. Conclusion : Risk factors of CMV infection in children were CMV serostatus of the recipient, the source of stem cells, and acute graft-versus-host disease. The pre-emptive therapy based on CMV antigenemia was effective in the prevention of CMV disease.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.513-522
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• 2002

This study investigated stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms in mid-life men, and examined their relationship in order to better understand the stress and climacteric symptom experiences of mid-life men, and thereby attempted to offer basic materials for the development of a health improvement program that may help increase the quality of life of mid-life men. Three hundred mid-life men whose ages were between 40 and 59 and resided in the Seoul area were subjects of this study. The data were analyzed with the SAS PC program using descriptive statistics to analyze subjects' general characteristics and variables of stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms of the subjects. The relationship between stress and climacteric symptoms were examined by the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms in relation to the general characteristics were analyzed by T-test and ANOVA. The study conclusions are as follows: 1. Subjects general characteristics The average, age of the subjects was 46 and 47.0% of them reported ages between 40 and 45. Of the subjects, 98% were married. In marriage satisfaction, those who were generally satisfied with their married life comprised 62.0% of the subjects. In terms of level of education, 95.7% were educated above the high school level. In occupational background, 59.7% had occupations related to technologies. As for religion, 42.7% had no religion. In number of children, 67.3% had 2 children. In residential status, 79,3% were living in their own homes. In terms of living arrangements, 87.7% of the subjects were living in the form of nuclear families. 2. Stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms The level of stress was scored as $2.94{\pm}0.74$, and considering that the overall examination score is $27.16{\pm}1.32$, the subjects' stress level was not viewed as particularly high. The average score of the extent of climacteric symptoms was $35.37{\pm}0.27$. The extent of sub-domains of climacteric symptoms included skeleton symptoms ($39.37{\pm}2.81$), joint pain ($39.16{\pm}3.66$), vasomotor symptoms ($35.39{\pm}3.01$), other symptoms ($36.99{\pm}3.02$), psychological symptoms ($34.68{\pm}3.01$), urogenic symptoms ($35.03{\pm}3.27$), and cardiovascular symptoms ($33.70{\pm}2.78$). 3. General characteristics in relation to the stress level The subjects' general characteristics that were significantly related to the level of stress were marriage status (F=4.38, p=.001), marriage satisfaction (F=4.56, p=.001), educational background (F=2.68, p=.012), and age (F=2.48, p=.033). 4. General characteristics in relation to the level of climacteric symptoms The subjects' general characteristics that were significantly related to the level of climacteric symptoms were educational background (F=3.26, p=.007), age (F=2.58, p=.027), marriage status (F=2.62, p=.025), and marriage satisfaction (F=2.78. p=.032). 5. The correlation between stress and climacteric symptoms The subjects' level of stress and climacteric symptoms were significantly related to each other (r=0.578, p=0.000). The subjects' level of stress was correlated with sub-domains of the climacteric symptoms including psychological symptoms (r=0.579, p=0.000), joint pain (r=0.479, p=0.000), skeleton symptoms (r=0.477, p=0.000), other symptoms (r=0.467, p=0.000), vasomotor symptoms (r=0.4615, p=0.000), cardiovascular symptoms (r=0.458, p=0.000), urogenic symptoms (r=0.401. p=0.000). In summary, the climacteric symptoms suffered by mid-life men are positively correlated with their level of stress. In addition, the climacteric symptoms were affected by the level of stress.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.587-599
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare abdomen-fat rate, life style and social-support between normal weight women and obese women. Method: 304 women objectives from their 30 to 59 years of age were selected living in Je-chon city, Chung-Buck province and their height and weight were measured from April 1st to June 30th, 2003. Data were classified into low-weight group ($18.5kg/m^2$), normal-weight group ($18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$), over weight group ($23{\sim}24.9kg/m^2$), and obese group ($25kg/m^2$) following the Korean Conference of Obesity, 2001. in which 119 people in the normal weight group and 91 people in the obese group, i.e. total 210 people were analyzed in sequence. Using SPSS Win 10.1 Program, frequency and percentile, and by ANOVA, $X^2-test$ and t-test were treated. Results: The average age of obese women was 46.68 distributing 40.7% of forties and 39.6% of fifties while normal-weight women were average 41.73-year old distributing 53.8% of forties and 34.5% of thirties, which revealed aged in obese women. The body fat rate of obese women averaged $37.52{\pm}4.17%$, in which 98.9% of obese women and 21.0% of normal weight women with a more than 30% of body-fat rate resulted in a higher body-fat rate in obese women. The waists of obese women averaged $88.37{\pm}8.22cm$, in which more than 85cm showed in obese women of 68.2% and normal weight women of 7.6% indicating a higher waist-fat rate in obese women. The abdomen-fat rate of more than 0.85 of waist vs hip-fat showed 74.7% in obese women and 58.4% in normal weight women, indicating a higher abdomen-fat rate in obese women. Obese women and normal weight women showed significant differences in education level, number of children, religion, menstrual status, and mother's weight. Especially, obese women ate hotter or saltier food than normal weight women preferring meat. However, no significant differences appeared in marital status, social economic status. occupation. eating habits. smoking. drinking and physical exercise. Social support levels showed a lower rate in obese women than in normal weight women, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Observing areas of social support, obese women showed lower rates in attachment/intimacy, social integrity, opportunity of foster and confidence in value except help and instruction, which indicated a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Social support for obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, religion and menstrual status. Obese women were more negative than normal weight women in health recognition, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.01). Normal weight women showed higher health recognition when provided high social support and significantly low (p<.01) health recognition when provided low social support. However, there was no significant difference in health recognition in obese women whether high or low social support was given. The health recognition of obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, number of children, menstrual status, physical exercise, eating habits, eating taste and preference of food. Conclusion: Obese women showed elder than normal-weight women, higher body-fat rate and abdomen-fat rate, lower social support, and a tendency to more negative health recognition. Therefore, providing weight-control programs for the treatment of obesity and prevention of recurrence for obese women to prevent progressing to adult disease and promote a healthy life, we suggest that better eating habits and the encouragement of regular physical exercise should be included, as well as total approachment on change of health recognition and social support would be needed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.168-176
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• 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how airway changes influence facial growth during puberty in Korean children. Methods: Thirty-six patients aged 9 to 11 (mean age: 10.7 years) were selected. Cephalograms and hand-wrist x-rays were taken at pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2). The sample was divided into narrow (5.2 - 8.6 mm, AW-Narrow), medium (8.9 - 11.5 mm, AW-Medium), and wide (11.7 - 16.0 mm, AW-Wide) groups according to the airway width at T1. Cephalometric measurements at T1, T2 and growth from T1 to T2 were compared between groups. Results: The degree of increase in airway size in each group was 4.55 mm, 3.84 mm and 1.94 mm in the AW-Narrow, AW-Medium, and AW-Wide groups, respectively. Moreover, the differences were statistically significant. The significant smallest posterior facial height was found in the AW-Narrow group at T1. For the growth values from T1 to T2, the AW-Narrow group showed significantly larger values of PFH/AFH, facial axis, ANS (T1 - T2), and Gn (T1 - T2) than the AW-Medium group. Conclusions: The compensational changes in the airway width and facial growth were found in the narrow group. Surgical approach of the airway to prevent unfavorable facial growth in these years of age should be carried out, but with careful deliberation because these problems may be improved naturally.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2012

Whenever pediatric dentists choose the preformed stainless steel crowns for restoration of primary molars, we usually prefer the crown forms that most fit to the abutment teeth. Despite some previous reports on significant ethnic difference in the size and shape of tooth crowns in primary dentition, only the imported products have been available to date, which might show some discrepancy with tooth anatomy of Korean. However, a domestic product of preformed stainless steel crown has been marketed recently that is expected to show more accurate fit to the primary tooth of Korean. To investigate the morphological characteristics of primary molars of Korean children, their mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters from the dental casts of 263 children in Pusan and Kyungsangnamdo province were measured by digital calipers. The measured data were compared with those of the three types of preformed stainless steel crowns(3M ESPE Stainless Steel Primary Molar Crown, Kids Crown, Sankin Anatom Primary Crown) by statistical processes with regression analysis. The results were as follows: 1. In every primary molar crown of three brands, the bucco-lingual width to mesio-distal width ratio (MD-BL ratio) showed higher values compared with those of natural teeth. 2. While the products of 3M ESPE and Shinhung showed similar features, those of Sankin showed some difference from both, and these difference was more marked in mandibular primary molars. 3. The nearer is the mesio-distal width of the crown to the average, the better was the adaptation of the preformed crown, and the reverse was true. 4. The teeth which revealed more discrepancy between preformed crown and natural tooth were upper and lower first primary molars.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to establish the appropriate guidelines in the sedation techniques and to organize the continuing education programs for the sedation in future under the direction of Committee on Sedation, Education and Research under the Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry(KAPD). The surveys on the sedation technique were performed on 111 organizations which practices the sedation and responded to the survey via online and e-mail by February 2014. The collected survey were analyzed. The purpose of sedation was mainly to manage the children's behavior and its uses were primarily on 3~4 years old children. The most frequent duration of treatment was 1~2 hours to treat both maxillary and mandible. The preferred dosages of sedative drugs were chloral hydrate(CH) 50~70 mg/kg, hydorxyzine(Hx) 1~2 mg/kg, and intramuscular midazolam(Mida IM) 0.1~0.2 mg/kg. The preferred combination of the sedative drugs were CH + Hx + $N_2O/O_2$(67.6%), CH + Hx + Mida submucosal administration (SM) + $N_2O/O_2$(29.7%), and Mida IM + $N_2O/O_2$(23.4%). The administration of additional sedatives was carried out at 48%, mainly using Midazolam. 87.5% of the respondents experienced the adverse effects of the sedation such as vomiting/retching, agitation during recovery, subclinical respiratory depression, staggering, and etc. Among them, only 20% periodically retrain the emergency management protocol. About the discharge criteria for patients after the sedation, the respondents either showed a lack of clear criteria or did not follow the recommended discharge criteria. 86% of the respondents expressed the interests in taking a course on the sedation and they wanted to learn mostly about the sedation-related emergency management, the safe dosage of the sedative drugs, and etc. The use of sedation in pediatric dentistry must be consider a patient's safety as top priority and each dentist must show the evidence of sound practices for the prevention of any possible medical errors. Therefore, KAPD must establish the proper sedation guidelines and it needs to provide the systematic technical training program of sedation-related emergency management for pediatric dentists.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2015

The frequency of diagnostic radiation examinations in medical institutions has recently increased to 220 million cases in 2011, and the annual exposure dose per capita was 1.4 mSv, 51% and 35% respectively, compared to those in 2007. The number of chest radiography was found to be 27.59% of them, the highest frequency of normal radiography. In this study, we developed a shielding device to minimize radiation exposure by shielding areas of the body which are unnecessary for image interpretation, during the chest radiography. And in order to verify its usefulness, we also measured the difference in entrance surface dose (ESD) and the absorbed dose, before and after using the device, by using an international standard pediatric (10 years) phantom and a glass dosimeter. In addition, we calculated the effective dose by using a Monte Carlo simulation-based program (PCXMC 2.0.1) and evaluated the reduction ratio indirectly by comparing lifetime attributable risk of cancer incidence (LAR). When using the protective device, the ESD decreased by 86.36% on average, nasal cavity $0.55{\mu}Sv$ (74.06%), thyroid $1.43{\mu}Sv$ (95.15%), oesophagus $6.35{\mu}Sv$ (78.42%) respectively, and the depth dose decreased by 72.30% on average, the cervical spine(upper spine) $1.23{\mu}Sv$ (89.73%), salivary gland $0.5{\mu}Sv$ (92.31%), oesophagus $3.85{\mu}Sv$ (59.39%), thyroid $2.02{\mu}Sv$ (73.53%), thoracic vertebrae(middle spine) $5.68{\mu}Sv$ (54.01%) respectively, so that we could verify the usefulness of the shielding mechanism. In addition, the effective dose decreased by 11.76% from $8.33{\mu}Sv$ to $7.35{\mu}Sv$ before and after wearing the device, and in LAR assessment, we found that thyroid cancer decreased to male 0.14 people (95.12%) and female 0.77 people (95.16%) per one million 10-year old children, and general cancers decreased to male 0.14 people (11.70%) and female 0.25 people (11.70%). Although diagnostic radiation examinations are necessary for healthcare such as the treatment of diseases, based on the ALARA concept, we should strive to optimize medical radiation by using this shielding device actively in the areas of the body unnecessary for the diagnosis.