• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.205-219
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was examine what extent fathers and mothers direr in their parental satisfaction and child-rearing practices, to identify the variables which were related to the parental satisfaction and child-rearing practices, and to investigate the relationships between parental satisfaction and child-rearing practices. The subjects for this study consisted of 245 fathers and 245 mothers of kindergarten children. Descriptive analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$, t-tests, and correlations were used for data description and analysis. Results were as follows: $\circled{1}$ Paternal child-rearing practices were somewhat differed from maternal child-rearing practices, but parental satisfaction was not differed between fathers and mothers. $\circled{2}$ Factors contributed to patern satisfaction and child-rearing practices were somewhat differed from maternal satisfaction and child-rearing practices. $\circled{3}$ For both fathers and mothers, higher parental satisfaction was positively related to more reasoning guidance, affection, goal-oriented attitude, parental involvement, consistent nile-enforcement, and less authoritarian control.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.153-168
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine mother's child rearing practices by mothers of their first-born child as a function of child's sex, temperament, and social class and of mother's marital satisfaction. The subjects were 158 mothers of 3-year-old first-born children in Seoul. Block (1984)'s CRPR, Buss and Plomin (1975)'s EAS, and Roach et al.'s MSS (1981) were used to measure maternal child rearing practices, children's temperament, and mother's marital satisfaction, respectively. The statistical methods for data analysis included t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, multiple regression. The major findings showed there were no sex of child differences in child rearing practices. Social class differences were found in "encouragement of independence", "enjoyment of child" and "openness to experience" in maternal child rearing practices. There were differences in maternal child rearing practices by child's temperament and mother's marital satisfaction. In a multiple regression analysis, it was found that the most significant predictor of maternal child rearing practices was mother's marital satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.141-151
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• 1999

This study investigated the relationships between parental child-rearing practices in early childhood and the perceived self-efficacy of college students. Subjects were 322 students attending 4-year universities. The sample was 66.1% female and had a mean age of 19.9 years. Research was conducted using questionnaires and descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, t-tests were used for data description and analysis. The major findings were as follows: 1) The difference between boys and girls in terms of parental child-rearing practices perceived by children was found. Girls perceived their parents’child-rearing practices as being more positive in early childhood than those of boys. 2) The difference between male and female students in terms of the level of the self efficacy was not found. 3) The difference between paternal and maternal child-rearing practices perceived by children was found. Children perceived maternal child-rearing practices as being more positive in early childhood than paternal child-rearing practices. 4) Parental child-rearing practices in early childhood was rebated to the self-efficacy of college students. Children who perceived their parents’child-rearing practices as being more positive in early childhood had a higher level of self-efficacy. The results support the importance of parental child-rearing practices in early childhood on the developmental pathways of children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.193-204
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• 1982

This study attempts to clarify the relationship between mother;s child-rearing practices and children's critical thinking abilities. More specifically this study wants to answer the questions: (a) Is there any relationship between mother's child-rearing practices and children's critical thinking abilities? (b) What dimensions of child-rearing practices are more important for children's critical thinking abilities? (c) Does the developmental process of children's critical thinking abilities show any difference according to the mother's child-rearing practices? This study is based on the conceptual model of child-rearing practices from the cognitive disciplinary viewpoint proposed by Lee et al.(1973). They polarized the child-rearing practices into the“mediated”types. These types were specified along seven dimensions of child-rearing. In general terms, the two types refer to the degree to which mother resorts to the description of concrete and immediate phenomena and immediate expression of momentary impulses, and positively reinforces such behaviors of her children. Two kinds of data were collected from 60 primary school boys and girls, and their mothers. A child-rearing practices questionnaire with 28 items was sent to the mothers. And the children were administered a critical thinking abilities test containing measures of 4 dimensions from the Ahn's Critical Thinking Measurement Technique. The major findings are those (a) the children of mothers who reported to have used more“mediated”types of child-rearing show relatively higher level of critical thinking abilities than their counterparts; (b) of the seven dimensions of child-rearing practices, the most significant are“mode of description”,“rationality-orientation”and“reward and punishment”; and (c) the“mediated”type of child-rearing practices tends to facilitate critical thinking abilities development. In conclusion, it is believed that a further refinement of this study will contribute to the development of child-rearing training program for mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.91-101
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify which of the variables were associated with ineffective parental child-rearing practices and to examine the effects of cumulative risk factors on ineffective child-rearing practices. The subjects for this study consisted of 120 mothers and 120 fathers of two to six year old children attending a university child development laboratories. Self-report questionnaire were used to collect data on the following variables: 1) family backgrojnd characteristics; 2) child temperament; 3) quality of life; 4) social support; 5) intergenerational trasmission of parenting; and 6) parental disciplinary practices. Descriptive analysis, t-test, and chi-square analyses were used for data description and analysis. The major findings were as follows: 1) Mothers who perceived the child as being less emotional, more soothable, and who had higher levels of marital satisfaction and job satisfaction engaged in more effective child-rearing practices. 2) Fathers who perceived the child as being less emotional, and who have boys provided more effective child-rearing practices. 3) For both mothers and fathers, parents with higher levels of quality life, social support, and family income exhibited more effective child-rearing practices. 4) Parents exposed to several risk factors were much more likely to exhibit ineffective child-rearing practices than parents exposed to no risk factors. The results of this study indicate that the characteristics of the child, parent, and contextual factors all contribute to the parental child-rearing pracitices.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify child-rearing practices and parenting efficacy of Marriage-Immigrant Women. Methods: The research design was a descriptive study using self-report questionnaires. Data were collected from May 16 to December 30, 2008. Marriage-immigrant women (n=186) were recruited in G Province, C Province and P city. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients with SPSS 14.0 were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean score for child-rearing practices was $40.61{\pm}6.67$ and there were significant differences in child-rearing practices by nationality, and Korean language ability. The mean score for parenting efficacy was $67.67{\pm}12.14$ and there were significant differences in parenting efficacy by age, nationality, marital period, age of first child and Korean language ability. There were significant positive correlations between child-rearing practices and parenting efficacy (r=.227, p=.002). Conclusion: In this study, marriage-immigrant women showed a moderate level of child-rearing practices and parenting efficacy. Because child-rearing is mainly the mother's role in the family, knowledge, attitudes to child-rearing and parenting efficacy of mothers influence child-rearing practices and these then, affect children's health. Therefore child-rearing educational programs for marriage-immigrant women should be developed to support the mothers' child-rearing practices and improve parenting efficacy.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.97-108
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• 1999

The purpose of this atudy was to identify the influence of demographic characteristics of full-time working mother's family on maternal parenting efficacy as well as child-rearing practices and to examime the relationship between mothers with perceived parenting efficacy and child-rearing practices. The subjects for this study were 100 working mothers of two to six year old children attending employer sponsored child care centers. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlation analysis, and step-wise regression were used for data analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) Full-time working mothers' child-rearing practices were influenced by the ages of mothers and fathers, parental education level and occupation, family income, age of the child, and number of children in the family. 2) The more working mothers perceived parenting efficacy, the more mothers utilized effective child-rearing practices. 3) Age of the child, maternal education level, mothers with levels of perceived parenting efficacy were significant predictors for full-time working mothers' child-rearing practices.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.119-133
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• 2000

This research examined factors that differentiate the child-rearing practices of 495 Japanese fathers living in Tokyo and 526 Korean fathers living in Seoul. All subjects were fathers of school-age children, Findings were that the sense of devotion/reward in life is the decisive variable behind affection in the child-rearing practices of fathers of both nations, In the Japanese sample, the less they felt financial burdens and psychological constraints, the more affection shown in their child-rearing practices. In the Korean sample, more affection was noted among fathers whose primary views on child-rearing were centered on the continuity of the family line. Such socio-demographic variables as fathers working long hours and/or mothers working outside the home had a negligible influence of affection driven child-rearing practices of both groups.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in Korean child-rearing practices between the generations of young mothers and grandmothers. Method: The participants were 98 mothers who were 20 to 39 years old and had raised one-year-old child and 103 grandmothers who were over 60 years old and had raised their children in a small city. Data were collected through self-report questionnaire based on the Korean traditional child-rearing practice from Yoo(1986). The data were analyzed using the SPSS Win 10.0 program. Results: Of 37 items in the categories of feeding and weaning, health management and taboo matters, play, and baby celebrations, the grandmothers practiced 13 items (35%) more frequently than the young mothers. However, no generation differences were found in 21 items (57%), and 3 items were practiced more frequently by the young mothers. For the young mothers, there were 15 items (41%) which were practiced over 70%, 7 items (19%) which were practiced less than 30%. Conclusion: It seems that some Korean traditional child-rearing practices were transferred to modern child-rearing practices. Therefore pediatric nurses need to pay attention to traditional child-rearing practices for the best health, growth and development of children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.31-50
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• 2008

The current and ethnic issues represented in child-rearing practices of Korean-Chinese families in YanBian, China, were studied with the participation of 7 primary caregivers (4 mothers and 3 grandmothers) of young children who were interviewed and observed in their homes. Current issues were categorized as competitive bilingual ability, expectations about third language learning (English), expectations of high academic accomplishment and early education, and economic challenges in parenting. Ethnicity issues included ethnic pride as Korean-Chinese, conflicts of ethnic education, participation in local Korean culture, and rearing the child to have the self-expressive and assertive characteristics of typical Korean children. Results were discussed in terms of understanding and supporting child-rearing of minorities and families with multi-cultural background.