• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1101-1119
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, metabolomic, and sensory qualities of Chikso and Hanwoo beef during 28 days of wet aging. Methods: Rump and loins from Hanwoo and Chikso were obtained and wet-aged for 28 days at 4℃. The samples were collected at 7-day interval (n = 3 for each period). Physicochemical qualities including pH, meat color, shear force value, and myofibrillar fragmentation index, metabolomic profiles, and sensory attributes (volatile organic compounds and relative taste intensities) were measured. Results: Chikso showed a significantly higher shear force value than Hanwoo on day 0; however, no differences between breeds were found after day 14, regardless of the cuts. Overall, Chikso had more abundant metabolites than Hanwoo, especially L-carnitine and tyrosine. Among the volatiles, the ketone ratio was higher in the Chikso rump than the Hanwoo rump; however, Chikso had fewer alcohols and aldehydes than Hanwoo. Chikso rump showed higher taste intensities than the Hanwoo rump on day 0, and sourness decreased in Chikso, but increased in the Hanwoo rump on day 14. Wet aging for 14 days intensified the taste of Chikso loin but reduced the umami intensity of Hanwoo loin. Conclusion: Chikso had different metabolomic and sensory characteristics compared to Hanwoo cattle, and 14 days of wet aging could improve its tenderness and flavor traits.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the viability of Korean native striped cattle (Bos namadicus Falconer, Chikso) clone embryos after embryo transfer. Chikso somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos were produced by fusion of ear skin cells derived from a female Chikso with enucleated oocytes matured in vitro for 18-24 hr. After in vitro culture of SCNT embryos for 7 to 8 days, fresh or vitrified blastocysts derived from SCNT were transferred into a uterine horn of recipient cows. Fifteen of total 43 recipients were pregnant at Day 50 and 4 recipients were maintained to term. Three IVF-derived calves and 1 clone Chikso calf were born. Pregnancy rate was higher when fresh embryos were transferred to recipients compared to vitrified embryos, but development to term was not different between both groups. The clone Chikso calf died at 5 days after birth due to the fullness of amniotic fluid in rumen and the infection of umbilical cord. The result of the present study shows that clone Chikso calf can produced from the embryo transfer of SCNT embryos, however, solution of abortion problem is necessary to improve the cloning efficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1500-1506
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• 2018

Objective: Although Hanwoo has been selected as the superior commercial beef cattle breed in Korea, Chikso (Korean brindle cattle) is still recognized as a valuable breed for beef production. The aim of this study was to compare the meat quality, fatty acid composition and aroma volatiles of beef from Chikso and Hanwoo steers maintained under identical feed management, as information regarding these characteristics is still limited. Methods: A total of 19 carcasses with a quality grade of 1 were selected, and strip loin (longissimus lumborum) cuts were collected from 11 Hanwoo carcasses and 8 Chikso carcasses. Meat quality and aroma analyses were performed at day four postmortem. Results: Though Hanwoo strip loin tended to have higher fat content (15.37%) than Chikso (12.01%), no significant differences were observed. Meat pH, water-holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force value, instrumental surface color (Commission International De L'eclairage $L^{\star}$, $a^{\star}$, $b^{\star}$, chroma, and hue angle) and fatty acid composition were not significantly different. Roasted Chikso beef released more intense aroma than roasted Hanwoo beef based on the total area units of identified volatiles. Among identified volatiles, the amounts of toluene, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal were higher in roasted Chikso beef than in roasted Hanwoo beef. In addition, the aroma pattern of the roasted beef from these breeds was well-discriminated by electronic nose. Conclusion: No distinct differences were found in terms of meat quality between Hanwoo and Chikso beef in this study. However, the aroma pattern and volatiles of roasted Hanwoo and Chikso beef were different according to instrumental analysis.

• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1373-1382
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• 2018

Hanwoo and Chikso are classified as Korean native cattle breeds that are currently registered with the Food and Agriculture Organization. However, there is still a lack of genomic studies to compare Hanwoo to Chikso populations. The objective of this study was to perform genome-wide analysis of Hanwoo and Chikso populations, investigating the genetic relationships between these two populations. We genotyped a total of 319 cattle including 214 Hanwoo and 105 Chikso sampled from Gangwon Province Livestock Technology Research Institute, using the Illumina Bovine SNP50K Beadchip. After performing quality control on the initially generated datasets, we assessed linkage disequilibrium patterns for all the possible SNP pairs within 1 Mb apart. Overall, average $r^2$ values in Hanwoo (0.048) were lower than Chikso (0.074) population. The genetic relationship between the populations was further assured by the principal component analysis, exhibiting clear clusters in each of the Hanwoo and Chikso populations, respectively. Overall heterozygosity for Hanwoo (0.359) was slightly higher than Chikso (0.345) and inbreeding coefficient was also a bit higher in Hanwoo (-0.015) than Chikso (-0.035). The average $F_{ST}$ value was 0.036 between Hanwoo and Chikso, indicating little genetic differentiation between those two breeds. Furthermore, we found potential selection signatures including LRP1B and NTRK2 genes that might be implicated with meat and reproductive traits in cattle. In this study, the results showed that both Hanwoo and Chikso populations were not under severe level of inbreeding. Although the principal component analysis exhibited clear clusters in each of the populations, we did not see any clear evidence that those two populations are highly differentiated each other.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2007

본 연구는 인공수정 기법을 이용한 칡소의 증식효율을 검토하고자 칡소 종모우의 정액을 채취하여 종모우별 정액성상, 동결융해 후 정액의 특성, 수태율 평가를 위한 체외수정 및 인공수정 후 수태율과 송아지의 모색 분포 등에 대하여 검토하였다. 정액은 호반모를 가진 수컷 6두에서 채취하였으며, 동결 융해 후 체외수정을 실시하였다. 총 18두의 칡소 및 일반 한우 암컷에 인공수정 후 수태율을 확인하였고, 생산된 40두의 송아지를 대상으로 모색을 분석하였다. 칡소 정액의 동결 전 일반 성상은 개체 간에 차이가 없었으며, 동결 후의 생존율과 활력에서도 개체별 차이가 없었다. 체외수정에 의한 수정 능 분석 결과, 수정율에는 차이가 없었으나 배반포 발육율이 일반 한우에 비하여 칡소 정액 체외수정 시 25.9%로 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 인공수정 후 임신율에는 일반 한우와 칡소 간에 차이가 없었다. 칡소 정액의 인공수정 후 태어난 송아지의 모색 표현형은 40두의 송아지 중 호반모(Tiger)가 17두(42.5%)로, 황흑모, 흑황모, 흑모 및 황모에 비하여 높았으나 전체적으로 낮은 발현율을 나타내었다. 또한 호반모 암컷에 인공수정한 경우에도 55%의 송아지만 호반모로 발현되었다. 이상의 결과는 인공수정에 의한 칡소의 증식이 가능하나 호반모 칡소의 발현 빈도를 높이기 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2013

In order to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of the Korean Chikso breed, we determined sequences of mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and performed phylogenetic analysis using 239 individuals from 5 Chikso populations. Five non-synonymous mutations of a total of 15 polymorphic sites were identified among 239 cyt b coding sequences. Thirteen haplotypes were defined, and haplotype diversity was 0.4709 ranging from 0.2577 to 0.6114. Thirty-five haplotypes (C1-C35) were classified among 9 Asia and 3 European breeds. C2 was a major haplotype that contained 206 sequences (64.6%) from all breeds used. C3-C13 haplotypes were Chikso-specific haplotypes. C1 and C2 haplotypes contained 80.5% of cyt b sequences of Hanwoo, Yanbian, Zaosheng and JB breeds. In phylogenetic analyses, the Chikso breed was contained into B. taurus lineage and was genetically more closely related to two Chinese breeds than to Korean brown cattle, Hanwoo. These results suggest that Chikso and Hanwoo have a genetic difference based on the mtDNA cyt b gene as well as their coat color, sufficient for classification as a separate breed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was i) to identify the characteristics of carcass traits in Chikso by gender, region, age at slaughter, and coat color using the carcass data collected from the nationwide pedigree information and coat color investigation, and ii) to estimate genetic parameters for breed improvement. Methods: A linear model was used to analyze the environmental effects on the carcass traits and to estimate genetic parameters. Analysis of variance was performed using TYPE III sum of squares for the unbalanced data provided by the general linear model procedure. Variance components for genetic parameters was estimated using REMLF90 of the BLUPF90 family programs. Results: Phenotypic performance of carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), and backfat thickness (BF) in Chikso were lower than those of Hanwoo. This is a natural outcome because Hanwoo have undergone significant efforts for improvement at the national level, a phenomenon not observed in Chikso. Another factor influencing the above outcome was the smaller population size of Chikso compared to that of Hanwoo's. The heritabilities of CW, EMA, BF, and marbling score in Chikso were estimated as 0.50, 0.37, 0.35, and 0.53, respectively, which were was higher than those of Hanwoo. Conclusion: Based on the genetic parameters that were estimated in this study, it is expected that the carcass traits will improve when the livestock research institutes at each province conduct small-scale performance tests and the semen is provided to farmers after selecting proven bulls using the state-of-art selection technique such as genomic selection.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.624-630
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• 2015

본 연구는 microsatellite marker를 이용하여 국내에서 사육되고 있는 칡소 9지역 간의 유전적 거리 분석 및 계통 지도 작성 등의 계통유전학적 분석을 실시하였다. 11종의 MS 마커를 이용하여 대립유전자의 수(No. of allele)를 확인한 결과 8에서 24개로 확인되었으며, 기대이형접합율(expected heterozygosity, H_exp)은 0.672에서 0.834 범위 안에 나타났으며, 관측이형접합율(observed heterozygosity, H_obs)은 0.687에서 0.886, 다형성정보지수(Polymorphism information content, PIC)은 0.638에서 0.876로 확인되었다. 무작위 교배집단(Random)으로 가정하였을 경우 동일개체 출현빈도는 11개의 marker를 사용하였을 때, 5.24×10⁻¹⁹ 빈도로 출현하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 반형매 교배집단(Half-sib)과 전형매 교배집단(sib)으로 가정했을 경우에는 2.63×10⁻⁰⁶, 2.63×10⁻⁰⁶으로 각각 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 칡소의 개체식별 및 친지확인 marker로 11종의 MS marker가 충분히 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다. Phylogenetic tree (Neighbor-Joining tree), Principle Component Analysis (PCA) 그리고 Factorial Component Analysis (FCA) 분석을 통해 9 지역의 칡소 집단 간의 유연관계를 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 칡소 품종을 중요한 가축유전자원으로써 인식하고 국내 타 품종과의 유전적 차별화와 순수성 보존과 능력을 개량하는데 있어 기초 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the MC1R genotypes of the Chikso (Korean brindle cattle) sires on the coat colors of their offspring. In this study, 15 Chikso sires with known MC1R genotypes were used for breeding in the Gangwon Province Livestock Research Center, the Chungbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research, and the Livestock Experiment Station, Jeonbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research from either 2011 or 2012 to 2013. There were 6 sires with $E^+E^+$ genotypes and 9 sires with $E^+e$ genotypes, and their coat colors were all whole brindle (more than 50 of the body). Among the 90 calves produced in 2011~2013 or 2012~2013 from the 15 sires, 50 (55.6%) of them were females and 40 (44.4%) of them were males. Coat colors of the offspring were determined when they reached over 6 months of age. Calves with whole brindle, part brindle, brown and black coat colors were 42 (48.3%), 11 (12.6%), 18 (20.7%) and 16 (18.4%), respectively. Ratio of calves with whole brindle coat color was higher than any other coat colors. Among the offspring with whole brindle color, 20 (41.7%) calves were female and 22 (51.3%) calves were male. By determining the MC1R genotypes of the dams and calves in this study along the family lines, and investigating other genes that may be involved in the coat colors of the Chikso, better breeding system may be established to increase the brindle coat color appearance in the future.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2014

한우는 털색에 따라 황소, 칡소 또는 흑소로 분류되고, 칡소는 1,700여두만 전국에 사육되고 있어 보존과 증식이 절실히 요구되고 있으나, 연구는 아주 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 칡소의 보존과 대량증식을 위하여 follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) 용량이 수정란 생산 및 이식에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. FSH 240 mg과 280 mg을 각각 처리하여 회수수정란, 이식가능한 수정란은 차이가 없었으나, 임신율이 280 mg이 46%로 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 칡소 송아지의 생시체중이 인공수정 방법은 평균 25.6 kg, 수정란이식 방법은 평균 24.8 kg으로 비슷하였다.