• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.469-473
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• 2013

Livestock manure is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter for plant. Thus, livestock manure compost is commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in many countries. However, contaminated or inadequate manure compost can give negative effect to soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to investigate the survival difference of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in chicken and pig manure compost under the selected environmental conditions. Commercially available manure compost (pig, chicken) was inoculated with S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Manure compost was incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and consistent moisture content. Samples had been collected during 200 days depending on the given conditions. S. enterica survived for 130 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for 120 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. It is noted that the number of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes gradually decreased over time. The results indicate that S. enterica survived longer than L. monocytogenes in manure compost at $25^{\circ}C$. S. enterica and L. monocytogenes survived longer in chicken manure compost than in pig manure compost. Increased knowledge of pathogen behavior in agricultural environments is a valuable part of future work on improving risk evaluations and, in a longer perspective, in providing data for guidelines regarding safe handling of pathogen-contaminated manure compost and soil.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate changes of physico-chemical properties and microbial activity during the early stage of composting with pig and chicken manure. The results were as follows; 1. The temperature was rapidly increased from the 3rd to the 7th day, and especially the pig manure compost preparing with enzyme was maintained $56^{\circ}C{\sim}69^{\circ}C$. 2. The pH range was shown $7.7{\sim}9.3$, and the pH level increased from the 3rd day to 25th day. Also after the 25th day the pH level decreased gradually. 3. The C/N ratio in the pig manure compost decreased 16.8 at the 30th day, while the compost containing enzymes decreased 19.2 at the 30th day. Chicken manure compost showed similar results at the 28 of C/N ratio at the 30th day with enzyme treatment. 4. The total ammount of sugar in pig manure compost was $6,000{\sim}7,000mg/kg$, while the chicken manure compost was $2,000{\sim}4,000mg/kg$. However, there was no significant difference in view point of enzyme treatment. 5. Cellulase, phosphatase and xylanase activity were continually increased, however amylase and urease activity were not changed during composting.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 2015

In this study, the characteristics as well as the maturity and stability of chicken manure collected from nine chicken farms in South Korea during the summer and winter seasons of 2014 are evaluated. The physicochemical parameter values of the manure, such as BOD, $NO_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$ etc. were determined using the Korea Standard test Method, HPLC, and APHA standard methods. The results showed that the alkalinity content and COD concentration in winter chicken manure were higher than those of summer chicken manure. The moisture content of summer manure was positively correlated with almost all of the other parameters of the manure, whereas it was negatively correlated with almost all of the other parameters in the winter manure. According to the criterion of C/N ratio, chicken manure indicated good quality compost. However, composted chicken manure showed immature and unstable compost when considering the criteria of the $NH_4-N/NO_3-N$ ratio and $NH_4-N$ concentrations.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1999

The changes of soil physico-chemical properties were investigated in the sandy loam soil amended with various application rates of chicken and pig manure composts. After repeated application of the composts for 3 years, total nitrogen content in soil treated with applied 120Mg/ha of chicken and pig manure composts was 2.1 g/kg equally. Organic matter content was 38.8 and 39.1 g/kg, available phosphate content was 602 and 585 mg/kg, and cation exchange capacity(CEC) was 10.1 and 12.4 cmol/kg in chicken and pig manure compost 120 Mg/ha treatment, respectively. Exchangeable K, Ca, Na, Mg contents, and electrical conductivity(EC) increased with the amount of applied compost. Also, with increased amount of applied compost, porosity of soil increased, but hardness, bulk density and Y value decreased.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

The effects of turning frequency of in-vessel composting on ammonia emissions during composting of separated solids from swine slurry/sawdust mixtures and performance of biofiltration using the chicken manure compost were investigated. Separated solids from swine manure amended with sawdust was composted in a 226 L laboratory-scale in-vessel reactors under various turning frequency and continuous airflow (0.6 L/min.kg.dm) for three weeks. Three laboratory-scale manure compost biofilters were built to treat effluent gas from the composting of separated solid from swine manure amened with sawdust process. These experiments were continued over a period of three weeks. The composting of separated solid swine manure amended with sawdust and manure compost biofiltration system were evaluated to determine the turning frequency type that would be adequate for the rate of decomposition and compost odour reduction. The compost odour cleaning was measured based on ammonia gas concentration before and after passing through the manure compost biofilter. The average ammonia odor reduction in the manure compost biofilter was 96.9 % at R1 (no turning), 99.4 % at R2(once a day turning) and 89.0 % at R3(twice a day turning), respectively. The efficiency of ammonia reduction was mainly influenced by the turning frequency.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

The veterinary antibiotics treated to livestock have a potential risk to reach to soil and water environment, and eventually be taken up by plants. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of zeolite and shell meal fertilizer amendment on antibiotic uptake by plant when veterinary antibiotics in chicken manure compost were applied to agricultural land. Model antibiotics used in the study were chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and sulfamethazine (SMT). Chlortetracycline level in lettuce was decreased to less than $0.08ug\;kg^{-1}$ by application of zeolite as compared with about $0.26ug\;kg^{-1}$ for control without amendment on 33 days after transplanting. Tylosin was not detected for all the treatment. Sulfamethazine levels in lettuce ranged from 11 to $19{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ on a fresh weight basis and gradually decreased with time. Zeolite application decreased the SMT levels in lettuce by greater extent than shell meal fertilizer amendments. Results from the 61-d greenhouse experiment imply that application of zeolite at a rate of $1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ or shell meal fertilizer at a rate of $2.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ can reduce CTC and SMT concentration in lettuce cultivated in soil fertilized with antibiotic-contaminated chicken manure compost.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

Applying livestock manure compost to soil can enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, little information is available on the effect of continuous application of manure compost on crop growth in Korea. The object of this study was to investigate the residual and continuous application effect of chicken manure compost on chinese cabbage yield and soil chemical properties. The experiment was conducted in the pot ($0.5\;m^2$) without bottom buried in the soil and set up in a completely randomized design with three replication. The treatment consists of chemical fertilizer with nitrogen (NPK, $N-P_{2}O_{5}-K_{2}O$ 320-78-198 kg/ha) and without nitrogen (PK, $N-P_{2}O_{5}-K_{2}O$ 0-78-198 kg/ha), and chicken manure compost at a rate corresponding to 320 (COM1) and 640 (COM2) kg N/ha. This experiment was carried out for three cropping seasons with chinese cabbage. Chemical fertilizer, NPK and PK, was applied every cropping season. In the first cropping season, compost was applied in nine pots (COM-A). In the second cropping season, compost was applied in the six pots of COM-A (COM-AA) and in three pots of COM-A compost was not applied (COM-AN). In next cropping season, compost was applied in the three pots of COM-AA (COM-AAA) and in the other three pots of COM-AA compost was not applied (COM-AAN). COM-AN pots remained without compost application in the third cropping season (COM-ANN). Yields of chinese cabbage of COM1-AAA and COM2-AAA were reached 78 and 96% as compared with NPK, and nitrogen utilization rate was about 85% (COM1-AAA) and 97% (COM2-AAA) as compared with NPK Residual N uptake rates during the second and third cropping season after compost application at the first cropping season were 49.7 (COM1-AN) and 35.6% (COM1-ANN) in COM1, and 56.9 (COM2-AN) and 37.4% (COM2-ANN) in COM2 compared with NPK treatment After three cropping seasons, soil pH and contents of available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and soil organic matter were increased with continuous application of chicken manure compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.361-367
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• 2011

Soil fertility of alpine soils in Gangwon-Do has been deteriorating because of heavy input of chemical fertilizers for intensive crop production. To reduce application of chemical fertilizers, use of livestock manure compost in alpine soils increases consistently. Soil loss and runoff due to heavy rainfall in alpine area cause nutrient loss from soil, and subsequently pollute stream water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess nutrient efficiency and loss in Chinese cabbage cultivated soil with different livestock manure composts in several slopes. As control, chemical fertilizer was applied at the rate of $250-78-168kg\;ha^{-1}$ for $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$. Each pig-and chicken manure compost was applied at the rate of $10MT\;ha^{-1}$. Chemical fertilizer + chicken manure compost was applied as same rate. Four treatments was practiced in 5, 20, and 35% filed slopes, respectively. We monitored the amounts of soil loss and runoff water after rainfalls, and we also analyzed the contents of nutrients in soil and runoff water through lysimeter installed in alpine agricultural institute in Gangwon-Do. T-N loss due to soil loss was much greater with increasing filed slops rather than different fertilizer treatments. T-N loss has positive relationship with field slopes, which showing soil loss (MT/ha) = 1.66 slopes (%) - 3.5 ($r^2$ = 0.99). Available phosphate and exchangeable cations showed similar tendency with increasing slopes. T-N and T-P losses caused by runoff water were highest in chemical fertilizer (NPK) + chicken manure compost treated plot, while lowest in chemical fertilizer treatment. T-N contents (2.13, 1.95%) in chinese cabbage treated either pig and chicken manure composts compared to that (2.65%) of chemical fertilizer were significantly less. This could be resulted from much greater T-N loss in soil treated with pig and chicken manure composts.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.329-334
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• 2010

The characteristics of nitrogen mineralization in upland soil was studied with 27-week incubation at $25^{\circ}C$. The used soils in this experiment were received six kinds of livestock manure compost each year for four years. Six different composts, which were chicken (CHM), pig (PIM), and cow (COM) manure composted without bulking agent, and chicken (CHMS), pig (PIMS), and cow (COMS) manure composted with sawdust as a bulking agent, were selected for this study. The first-order model was fit to the observed mineral nitrogen (N) vs incubation days using a non-linear regression procedure. The soil potential for N mineralization (No) of manure compost (CHM, PIM, and COM) treated soils were higher than those of the manure-sawdust compost (CHMS, PIMS, and COMS) treated soils. The No value of PIM applied soil was 15.0 mg 100 $g^{-1}$, which was the highest value among the treatments. The amount of N mineralized in compost applied soils ranged from 8.1% to 11.9% of the total N content in soils and increased with increasing total N content in soils. The organic matter content in compost applied soils were negatively correlated with No value (r = $-0.69^*$). Therefore, our result indicated that determination of N application rate in livestock manure compost applied soil should be based on total nitrogen content better than soil organic matter content.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.400-404
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to analyze change of soil organic matter fraction from a range of livestock manure compost that differed in their total C, N content and C quality, to gain a better understanding of their influence on soil organic matter. The chicken (CHM), pig (PIM), and cow (COM) manure-based composts, and manure-sawdust-based composts (CHMS, PIMS, and COMS) were applied annually to the upland soil with $3Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ during 4 years. After 4 years, the soil carbon content was increased to 25-30 and 40% for manure-based compost and manure-sawdust-based compost compared to control. In the all treatments, the content of light fraction C was sharply increased after second year. The content of light fraction C in the manure-sawdust-based compost was higher than in the manure-based compost. By contrast, the content of heavy fraction C was higher in the manure-based compost than in the manure-sawdust-based compost. These results indicate that stabilization of carbon applied from microbiological process was faster in the manure-based compost than in the manure-sawdust-based compost.