• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 2015

In this study, the characteristics as well as the maturity and stability of chicken manure collected from nine chicken farms in South Korea during the summer and winter seasons of 2014 are evaluated. The physicochemical parameter values of the manure, such as BOD, $NO_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$ etc. were determined using the Korea Standard test Method, HPLC, and APHA standard methods. The results showed that the alkalinity content and COD concentration in winter chicken manure were higher than those of summer chicken manure. The moisture content of summer manure was positively correlated with almost all of the other parameters of the manure, whereas it was negatively correlated with almost all of the other parameters in the winter manure. According to the criterion of C/N ratio, chicken manure indicated good quality compost. However, composted chicken manure showed immature and unstable compost when considering the criteria of the $NH_4-N/NO_3-N$ ratio and $NH_4-N$ concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.469-473
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• 2013

Livestock manure is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter for plant. Thus, livestock manure compost is commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in many countries. However, contaminated or inadequate manure compost can give negative effect to soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to investigate the survival difference of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in chicken and pig manure compost under the selected environmental conditions. Commercially available manure compost (pig, chicken) was inoculated with S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Manure compost was incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and consistent moisture content. Samples had been collected during 200 days depending on the given conditions. S. enterica survived for 130 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for 120 days in pig manure compost and over 200 days in chicken manure compost, respectively. It is noted that the number of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes gradually decreased over time. The results indicate that S. enterica survived longer than L. monocytogenes in manure compost at $25^{\circ}C$. S. enterica and L. monocytogenes survived longer in chicken manure compost than in pig manure compost. Increased knowledge of pathogen behavior in agricultural environments is a valuable part of future work on improving risk evaluations and, in a longer perspective, in providing data for guidelines regarding safe handling of pathogen-contaminated manure compost and soil.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.28-35
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• 2014

The basic properties of cow and chicken manure such as proximate analysis and element analysis were estimated and the comparison to energy characteristics of carbonization residue between cow and chicken manure was evaluated. The optimum carbonization condition of cow and chicken manure was decided by total heating value of carbonization residue which was expressed by multiplying low heating value by yield. The optimum carbonization conditions for carbonization time and temperature can be decided by 15 min, and $350^{\circ}C$ for chicken manure, and 20 min, and $300^{\circ}C$ for cow manure. At the optimum carbonization conditions, low heating values for the carbonization residue of cow and chicken manure are evaluated by 4,378kcal/kg, and 3,462kcal/kg, respectively. The residues of cow manure were satisfied with the standard of solid fuel product. However, the residue of chicken should be improved by materials changes to be used as a renewable energy source.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate changes of physico-chemical properties and microbial activity during the early stage of composting with pig and chicken manure. The results were as follows; 1. The temperature was rapidly increased from the 3rd to the 7th day, and especially the pig manure compost preparing with enzyme was maintained $56^{\circ}C{\sim}69^{\circ}C$. 2. The pH range was shown $7.7{\sim}9.3$, and the pH level increased from the 3rd day to 25th day. Also after the 25th day the pH level decreased gradually. 3. The C/N ratio in the pig manure compost decreased 16.8 at the 30th day, while the compost containing enzymes decreased 19.2 at the 30th day. Chicken manure compost showed similar results at the 28 of C/N ratio at the 30th day with enzyme treatment. 4. The total ammount of sugar in pig manure compost was $6,000{\sim}7,000mg/kg$, while the chicken manure compost was $2,000{\sim}4,000mg/kg$. However, there was no significant difference in view point of enzyme treatment. 5. Cellulase, phosphatase and xylanase activity were continually increased, however amylase and urease activity were not changed during composting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.628-634
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• 2012

Release of veterinary antibiotics (VSs) to agricultural environment through application of animal manure and/or animal manure-based composts to soils is of concern. The current study was conducted to examine decline of VAs during composting the chicken manure. For this, antibiotics free chicken manure (20 kg) and sawdust (10 kg) were added to the bench-scale composting apparatus and then the mixed material was spiked simultaneously with three VAs (chlortetracycline, CTC; sulfamethazine, SMZ; tylosin, TYL) at two different levels (10 and $20mg\;kg^{-1}$). Then the decline of VAs was determined using Charm II system during 53 composting period. For comparison, composting only chicken manure was included at VAs concentration of $10mg\;kg^{-1}$. During composting, the concentration of all three different VAs declined below the prospective guideline values ($0.8mg\;kg^{-1}$ for CTC, $0.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ for SMZ, and $1.0mg\;kg^{-1}$ for TYL) except CTC at $20mg\;kg^{-1}$ spiking when the chicken manure was composted together with sawdust. Interestingly, CTC at $10mg\;kg^{-1}$ spiking appeared to be declined under the guideline value without sawdust while SMZ was resistant to be declined without sawdust. Unlike CTC and SMZ, TYL showed immediate decline right after spiking TYL to composting materials regardless the spiking concentration and existence of sawdust. Appropriate composting procedure of chicken manure was able to decline the residual VAs in the manure below the prospective guideline value and the importance of organic substances on this decline was perceived.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1999

The changes of soil physico-chemical properties were investigated in the sandy loam soil amended with various application rates of chicken and pig manure composts. After repeated application of the composts for 3 years, total nitrogen content in soil treated with applied 120Mg/ha of chicken and pig manure composts was 2.1 g/kg equally. Organic matter content was 38.8 and 39.1 g/kg, available phosphate content was 602 and 585 mg/kg, and cation exchange capacity(CEC) was 10.1 and 12.4 cmol/kg in chicken and pig manure compost 120 Mg/ha treatment, respectively. Exchangeable K, Ca, Na, Mg contents, and electrical conductivity(EC) increased with the amount of applied compost. Also, with increased amount of applied compost, porosity of soil increased, but hardness, bulk density and Y value decreased.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 1996

The effect of application rate of pig or chicken manure on the seasonal change of tomato(Minicarol) rhizosphere microflora was investigated by field experiment were surface soil(16cm) mixed with manures 1 weeks before transplanting. 1. Rhizobacteria population of control plot decreased 5 weeks after transplanting(WAT) than 1 WAT and 1.5~2 times higher colony counting was found in DNB(Diluted nutrient broth medium) than NB(Nutrient broth medium) at 15 WAT. 2. Rhizobacteria population at 1 WAT inereased in NB medium with the application rate of both manures but decreased in DNB with chicken manure. Colony counting in NB of 60 and 120 mg/ha treatment was 100 times higher than that of the control. However, rhizobacteria in DNB at 15 WAT(harvest stage) was much higher than that of NB. 3. Application rate did not affect fungi population 1 WAT in pig manure but decresed in chicken manure. At 15 WAT fungi population was 2 times higher than 1 WAT with chieken manure and highest in 30 mg/ha but with pig manure decreased with rate than the control. 4. Actinomycetes population at 1WAT was not different among pig manure rates and decreased with chicken manure than control. At 15 WAT population increased in all manure rates. especially in 10 mg/ha pig manure and 30 mg/ha chicken manure 4 times that 1 WAT.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2001

Owing to raising number of livestock, we have a problem to solve disposal of livestock manure. We know that soil have the digestion ability of livestock manure as one of multifunctionality. I carried out to investigate of livestock manure digestion (especially pig and chicken manure) that is considered as nitrogen fertilizer in upland crops. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The amount of pig manure was(1999) 4,592,375 tons/year, and chicken manure was 4,488,166 tons/year and equivalent to 41,912 tons N/year and 76,223 tons N/year, respectively. 2. The definition of the digestion ability of livestock manure is as the maximum application amount of livestock manure without injuring soil and plant. And the calculation model of digestion ability of livestock manure(ALMD) is follows: ALMD = amount of nitrogen requirement per each upland crop / {(total nitrogen contents in livestock manure) ${\times}$ (nitrogen fertilizer efficiency of livestock manure)} 3. The amount of ability of pig and chicken manure for upland crops (dry based) were 1,142.9kg/10a and 540.1kg/10a, respectively. 4. The order of amount of digestion ability of livestock manure on upland were vegetables > orchards > miscellaneous grains(corn) > barley > potatoes > pulses > oil seeds & special crops ) fodder crops) mulberry.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2017

This study was conducted to find means to reduce the foul smell emitted from chicken manure. Rice water was inoculated with Lactobacillus sakei and then examined to determine the bacterial survival rates during storage, and whether fermentation had occurred. Rice water was an excellent medium for the growth of L sakei, given that a viable cell count was maintained for 15 days during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ and decreased slightly thereafter. Furthermore, microorganisms in chicken manure were separated and 14 species were identified. The antibacterial activity of an L. sakei supernatant against the identified microorganisms was measured using the agar diffusion method. The growth of 11 out of 14 species was inhibited, and only Corynebacterium variabile, Enterococcus faecium, and Raoultella ornithinolytica survived. Rice water was fermented by inoculation with L. sakei and mixed with chicken manure, and the quantities of ammonia, ethyl mercaptan, and hydrogen sulfide were measured after 48 hours. Emissions of ammonia and ethyl mercaptan were reduced significantly.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

The veterinary antibiotics treated to livestock have a potential risk to reach to soil and water environment, and eventually be taken up by plants. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of zeolite and shell meal fertilizer amendment on antibiotic uptake by plant when veterinary antibiotics in chicken manure compost were applied to agricultural land. Model antibiotics used in the study were chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and sulfamethazine (SMT). Chlortetracycline level in lettuce was decreased to less than $0.08ug\;kg^{-1}$ by application of zeolite as compared with about $0.26ug\;kg^{-1}$ for control without amendment on 33 days after transplanting. Tylosin was not detected for all the treatment. Sulfamethazine levels in lettuce ranged from 11 to $19{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ on a fresh weight basis and gradually decreased with time. Zeolite application decreased the SMT levels in lettuce by greater extent than shell meal fertilizer amendments. Results from the 61-d greenhouse experiment imply that application of zeolite at a rate of $1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ or shell meal fertilizer at a rate of $2.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ can reduce CTC and SMT concentration in lettuce cultivated in soil fertilized with antibiotic-contaminated chicken manure compost.