• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1983

The effect of protein constituents of six-year old fresh Panax ginseng root on chick embryonic brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle dissociation cultures was studied. The protein constituents showed the enhancing effect on cultured brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle cells. The neurite formation from brain and spinal cord cells and the outgrowth of neurite seemed to be enhanced by almost all of the protein constituents employed for this study. The maturation of skeletal muscle cells was stimulated by the protein constituents. This enhancing effect of the protein constituents was more vivid when brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle cells were cultured with a medium which did not contain chick embryonic extracts known as an essential component for primary cell culture. The protein fraction having molecular weight range of 1,000 to 5,000 out of all the protein fractions employed for this study showed the most stimulatory effect on cultured brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.24 no.3_4
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• pp.143-150
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• 1980

The effect of ginseng saponin on chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia organ culture and brain, spinal cord, muscle dissociation cultures was studied. The fiber outgrowth in explanted chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia was markedly induced by water and alcohol extracts of ginseng, total ginseng saponin, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol glycosides as well as ginsenosides R/sub b1/, R/sub d/, R/sub 0/+R/sub a/+R/sub b1/, and R/sub b2/+R/sub c/+R/sub e/ mixtures. The life span of the cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia and potentiation of nerve cell density were also observed with all of these ginseng saponins. The effect of ginseng saponin on chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia organ culture was more marked in the absence of the chick embryonic extract which was known to contain nerve growth factor-like material in the culture media. However, the ginseng saponin did not influence the cultured central nervous system such as brain and spinal cord cells and cultured skeletal muscle cells with respect to the morphological changes, maturation and life span of these cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of genistein on the antioxidative defence system and membrane fluidity in chick skeletal muscle cells after supplementation with 0, 20, 40, and $80{\mu}mol/L$ genistein in $50{\mu}mol/L$ $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells for 24 h. Genistein supplementation recovered the decreased activity of total superoxide dismutase induced by $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$, significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity (p<0.05) and decreased malondialdehyde production (p<0.05). The treatment of 80 mol/L genistein in $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells decreased the secretion of creatine kinase (p<0.05). Fluorescence polarization values and microviscosities observed with $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells were significantly higher than those observed with no $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells. The addition of $80{\mu}mol/L$ genistein improved the increased fluorescence polarization value (p<0.05) caused by $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treatment. The microviscosity value was significantly decreased by adding genistein (p<0.05). In conclusion, genistein protected skeletal muscle cells from oxidative damage by improving antioxidative status and membrane fluidity.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1991

In the present study, the localization of myosin and the pathway of myofibrilogenesis of skeletal muscle cells in culture were investigated by immunocytochemical methods including immunoelectron microscopy and hybridoma formation. There were manly free ribosomes in the cytosol of the myoblast. At 48 hr of the culture, the myofilaments started to form and at 72 hr began to assemble to form myoabrils. At this time the Z band appeared, but the sarcomeres did not link together. Aker 96 hr of culture, adjacent sarcomeres linked together and shotved the typical striation of the skeletal muscle fiber. Myosin was synthesized in free ribosomes at 24 hr of culture and localized at many myofilaments at 48 hr and assembled mvoabrils at 72 hr and at 120 hr of the culture, myosin was localized at thick filaments of the A band.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.189-200
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• 1981

Drastic alterations in myogenesis could be induced by ultraviolet irradiation of the myogenic cells derived from 12 day old chick embryo skeletal muscle. The effects of irradiation on various aspects, including cell division, transformation to myotubes, and morphology of myoblasts and myotubes, were examined. Irradiated cells were smaller in size, and only few cells transformed resulting in smaller size of myotubes with a narrow width. Both the inhibiting actions to cell division and to fusion were more striking when irradiated at earlier stages after plating. As well, cell division and fusion were inhibited more effectively with increasing UV dose and excessive amount caused cell death. A lowering cell density was thought to account for the decrease in myogenesis and possible reasons for the decrease in the capacity for fusion were discussed in view of the results presented in this report and of the findings from other laboratories.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.255-265
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• 2021

Global warming and scorching summer seasons affect the growth ability of broilers and animal welfare. In modern broilers, vital organs, such as the heart and lungs, grow disproportionally under intensive selection, making it difficult to adapt to warmer climates. Changes in environmental temperature can affect muscle formation during embryonic development and the early posthatching period. Satellite cells are highly sensitive to heat stress. Heat stress affects the proliferation and differentiation activity of satellite cells and muscle growth and structure. Therefore, thermal manipulation during broiler chick embryogenesis and environmental temperature management at the beginning of hatching are critical for the development and growth of broiler muscles. This review focuses on the thermoregulation mechanism of birds, the muscle development process of broilers, and the function of satellite cells, the relationship between heat stress and muscle development of chicks shortly after hatching, and studies on heat resistance and muscle growth of broilers.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1992

The present study describes the production of monoclonal antibodies against cultured chick myoblast to pursue critical proteins in muscle cell fusion. Among a panel of monoclonal antibodies, three, Mll-3H 13, Mll-3Hl8 and Mll-3H35 were inhibited movblast fusion. A single 101-kDa antigen reactive with monoclonal antibody Mll-3H35 was detected by radioimmu-noprecipitation or by immunoblotting. During the course of myogenesis, the level of the protein remarkably decreased as the cells there differentiated. These results suggest that the protein platys a direct role in the process of myoblast fusion mechanism.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.323-328
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• 1997

We have previously shown that chick muscle extracts contained at least 10 different ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs). In the present studies, one of the enzymes, called UCH-9, was purified by conventional chromatographic procedures using $^{125}l$-labeled ubiquitin-${\alpha}$NH-MHISPPEPESEEEEE HYC (Ub-PESTc) as a substrate. The purified enzyme behaved as a 27-kDa protein under both denaturing and nondenaturing conditions, suggesting that it consists of a single polypeptide chain. It was maximally active at pHs between 7 and 8.5, but showed little or no activity at pH below 6 and above 10. Lice other UCHs, its activity was strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl blocking reagents, such as iodoacetamide, and by Ub-aldehyde. In addition to Ub-PESTc, UCH-9 hydrolyzed Ub-aNH-protein extensions, including Ub-${\alpha}NH$-carboxyl extension protein of 80 amino acids and Ubo-${\alpha}NH$-dihydrofolate reductase. However, this enzyme was not capable of generating free Ub from mono-Ub-${\varepsilon}NH$-protein conjugates and from branched poly-Ub chains that are ligated to proteins through ${\varepsilon}NH$-isopeptide bonds. This enzyme neither could hydrolyze poly-His-tagged di-Ub. These results suggest that UCH-9 may play an important role in production of free Ub and ribosomal proteins from their conjugates.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 1992

In the short-term treahent of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), the'Wh and PDGF induced the Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation and migration from the cytoplasm to the peripheral nulcear membrane. And the activated PKC which was directly or indirectly stimulated by TPA or PDGF Phosphorylated many kinds of PKC's targeting proteins and induces various biological responses. Especially, the cytoplasmic PKC was phosphorylated within 1 hr and 10 min by TPA-and PDGF-treahent respectivelv. In the long-term treatment of TPA or PDGF, both of them induced the down-regulation and translocation of PKC in the mvoblasts. The down-regulation of PKC isozyrnes, the pattern of PKC I and ll was similar to the PKC 111 isozpnes in the cytoplasm. But in the nucleolus, the TPA did not induce and down-regulation or the inhibition of the immunoreactivity of PKC III antibody. This investigation indicates that each isozvmes of PKC mal be performed the different effects to the down-regulation of the cytoplasm or nucleolus. And douvn-regulated myoblasts contained low immunoreactivity of PKC antibodies.