• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.128-139
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• 1996

The twelve relatively intact ev ergreen broad-leaved forests in the islands off the southern coast of the Korean peninsula were surveyed. The species which commonly appeared over seventy percents in frequency among studied island biotic ecosystems including rare and endangered species and an introduxed or invaded species in the observed localities were also discussed. The common species in each areas were summarized as 28 families, 34 genus and 37 taxa. The pokildo island marked the highest species diversity as 5.511 per 100m$^{2}$ sized plots. And then the species diversity of the Mijo-ri(4.677) and the Maengson-ni(2.481) were following. The total number of rare and endangered species which appeared in the investigated areas were 24 families and 32 taxa, and 13 taxa, and the Pokildo island had the largest number as of 13 families, 12 species, 1 variety and 13 taxa. The 7 species of Compositae, 5 species of Leguminosae and 2 species of Phytolaccaceae were recorded as naturalized, invaded of introduced species. Also each one species which belonged to the Amaranthaceae, Betulaceae, Bignoniaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Commelinaceae, Cupressaceae, Labiatae, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Pinaceae, Polygonaceae and Txaceae were recorded. The Pokildo island had the largest number of plant invaders with at least 9 families and 13 genus and 13 species including Cryptomeria japonica of Taxodiaceae. It was urgently needed to work for the preperation of an island management plan to the levels of species or habitat conservation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.264-276
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• 2009

To elucidate the distribution of halophytes in Korea, we surveyed 95 coastal salt marsh and sand dune areas. As a result, 62 halophytes of 57 species, 4 varieties and 1 form belonging to 44 genera and 21 families were recorded from coastal regions and islands of South Korea. Of these, 33 taxa were plants growing on sand dunes and the other 29 in salt marsh. Fifty eight taxa were found on the west coast, which was surveyed at 61 areas. The most common species among them were Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge, Suaeda japonica Makino, Phragmites communis Trin., Zoysia sinica Hance, Carex scabrifolia Steud. in salt marsh, and Salsola komarrovii Iljin, Lathyrus japonicus Willd., Limonium tetragonum (Thunb.) A.A. Bulloc, Calystegia soldanella Roem. & Schult. on sand dunes. On the other hand, only 45 taxa were found on the southern coast, surveyed at 15 areas. On the east coast, surveyed at 13 areas, 44 taxa were found. The most common species were Salsola komarrovii Iljin, Lathyrus japonicus Willd., Calystegia soldanella Roem. & Schult., on sand dunes and Linaria japonica Miq., which on the Korean peninsula is found only on the east coast. On Jeju Island, surveyed at 6 areas, 30 taxa of halophytes were found. Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC. is found in Korea only on Jeju Island. About half of the Korean halophytes were members of three families (Chenopodiaceae: 12 species, Poaceae: 12 species and Asteraceae: 7 species).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.573-580
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• 2006

A sediment core from the Cheollipo arboretum ($36^{\circ}$ 47' 57'N, $126^{\circ}$ 09' 04') was studied for pollen analysis in order to reconstruct postglacial vegetational change and environmental changes around the central western region of the Korean Peninsula. The record shows four pollen assemblage zones: Zone CHL-I, Quercus stage (ca. 9,300$\sim$6,200 yr BP): zone CHL-II, Quercus-Pinus stage (ca. 6,200$\sim$4,600 yr BP); zone CHL- III, Pinus-Quercus stage (ca. 4,600$\sim$1,160 yr BP): zone CHL-IV and Pinus stage (ca. 1,160 yr BP-present). During the 9,300$\sim$8,500 yr BP, the early Holocene, researchers have guessed a piece of cool-temperate norihern/altimontane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Between 8,500$\sim$4,600 yr BP the Quercus dominated the landscape of study area and the established dates of this typical cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest vegetation might be ca. 6500 yr BP, and then the Pinus developed around the site at ca. 5,700 yr BP. The abrupt increase of Pinus and NAP (non-arboreal pollen) after ca. 1,100 yr BP indicates the vegetation changes due to human activities. From the dynamics of the Chenopodiaceae pollen indicating salt marsh and freshwater pollen flora such as Typha, Trapa, Nymphoides and so forth, we suggest that the tidal flat was altered into freshwater lake around 6,500 yr BP.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 1990

우리나라에서는 70년대 이후 컨테이너 수송체계가 도입되어 운영되어 왔으나 차량의 급격한 증가와 더불어 컨테이너 수송체계는 도시교통에 있어서 많은 문제를 야기시키는 것으로 논란이 되고 있다. 특히, 부산항은 우리나라 최대의 국제 무역항으로써 전 컨테이너 수송화물의 90%이상을 처리하고 있고, 또한 수출입항으로서 제 역할을 다하고 있으나 낮은 도로율(12.45%)과 산재해 있는 30여개의 Off-Dock CY로 인해서 도심을 통과하는 컨테이너 수송차량은 많은 교통문제를 유발시키고 있다. 본 연구는 1) 부산시에 산재해 있는 30여개의 Off-Dock CY에 이르는 주요 도로상에서 컨테이너 수송량의 신간별 분포에 따라 컨테이너의 운행시간대를 첨두 시간대, 비첨두 시간대 및 심야 시간대로 분류하여 각 시간대별 평균 수송 시간 및 교통 체증으로 인한 수송 지체수준을 확인하였고, 2) 컨테이너 전용부두로 부터 Off-Dock CY에 이르는 도시 고속도로 및 주요간선도로상에서의 수송시간 및 수송 지체수준을 비교 분석하였으며, 3) 마지막으로, 효율적인 컨테이너 수송체계를 위한 최적 수송시간대 및 도로체계를 제시할 수 있었다. 특히, 컨테이너 수송시간 및 지체수준은 각 운행 시간대에 따라 현저한 차이를 보이고 있었는데, 심야 시간대를 이용하여 컨테이너 수송을 할 경우에는 다른 시간대에 비하여 50%정도의 수송시간 절감효과를 기대할 수 있었으며, 도시 고속도로를 이용할 경우에는 도시 간선도로에 비하여 30%정도의 수송시간을 절약할 수 있었다. 따라서 도시지역의 교통체중을 완화시키기 위해서 심야 시간대에 보다 많은 컨테이너 수송차량이 이용할 수 있는 컨테이너 수송체계가 확립되어야 하고, 산재해 있는 Off-Dock CY를 몇개의 ODCY그룹이나 단지까지 컨테이너 전용 고속도로의 건설이 바람직하고 생각된다.리구에서 조사한 결과 $10^{-3}$ M MGBG 단독 처리구에서 에틸렌 생성량이 가장 높았으며, spermidine과 spermine의 함량은 가장 낮았다. 부정근 형성능이 다소 회복된 $10^{-3}$ M MGBG+ $10^{-5}$M spermine 혼합처리구에서의 에틸렌 생성량은 대조구보다는 다소 높게 나타났다. 부정근 회복능이 가장 높았던 $10^{-3}$ M MGBG+ $10^{-5}$ M spermine + $10^{-4}$ M Cocl$_2$ 혼합처리구에서 에틸렌 생성량은 가장 낮게 나타났으며, polyamine 함량은 가장 높게 나타났다.(Cyperaceae), 명아주과(Chenopodiaceae) 같은 풀들이 하구언(estuary)의 해안가에 주로 서식하였던 것으로 나타났다. 이 시기동안에 해양성조류인 와편모류와 담수성 조류가 동시에 다양하게 산출되는 것은 하구언 퇴적환경이었음을 잘 지시해 준다. 제II화분대(고도, 43.72{\sim}3.36\;m$)가 시작되면서 혼합림은 침엽수림으로 바뀌었으며, 낙엽활엽수들의 서식지가 2엽소나무로 대치되면서 침엽수가 주요 수종을 이루었던 것으로 나타났다. 아마도 이런 산림형태는 자연 기후환경변화 뿐만 아니라 인간간섭에 의해 나타난 결과로 생각된다. 이 시기에 경작식물인 벼과(Gramineae), 옥수수(Zea), 메밀(Fagopyrum)과 논밭의 뚝 등지 에서 서식하는 돼지풀(Ambrosia) 등이 처음으로 산출되는 것으로 보아 인간간섭이 행해졌음을 잘 뒷 받침해준다. 또한 담수성 조류는 변함없이 산출되는 반면, 해양성조류인 와편모류가 산출되지 않는 것으로 보아 해안환경에서 다소 멀 어진

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.298-308
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• 2009

A flexuous rod-shaped virus was isolated from Cucurbita pepo leaves showing as green mosaic and puckering symptoms at Anseong, Korea. Based on the biological analysis, electron microscopy, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the virus isolate was identified as Papaya ringspot virus type watermelon (PRSV-W). From biological analysis, the host range of PRSV-W was limited to the families Cucurbitaceae and Chenopodiaceae. Most susceptible cucurbit species, such as Cucumis lanatus, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, and Citrullus lanatus, showed symptoms of green mosaic, malformation, puckering, and narrow laminae by infection with PRSV-W. The local lesion were showed on the inoculated leaves of both Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Field survey of PRSV, Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), three major viruses infecting cucurbit, was done during 2001 to 2003 on 173 commercial cucurbit cultivating fields distributed over the three regions of Gyeonggi, Gyeongbuk and Jeonnam Provinces where cucurbits are grown in different environmental conditions and cropping patterns. Typical viral symptoms were observed from 107 cultivating fields, and all three kinds of potyviruses were detected from 206 samples out of the 235 samples using RT-PCR. Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) are the most widely distributed viruses in outdoor and retarding-culture fields, at an infection rating of 48 and 33 percents, respectively. PRSV was detected from 12 percent of 235 samples. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of coat proteins (CP) of eight PRSV isolates, collected from several areas including Anseong, were determined and sequenced heterogeneity among the isolates was performed. The CP gene of PRSV showed 88.6~97.3 percent homology in nucleotide sequences and 95.1~99.3 percent homology in amino acid sequences with other PRSV isolates worldwide. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Korean PRSV isolates belong to the southern-east Asian cluster.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2003

This research was conducted to present reference data to be used as newly reclaimed tidal land management. We investigated vegetation succession at 4 reclaimed/reclaiming project areas and discussed relationship with soil and vegetation trhrough investigation and analysis soil chemical characteristics at 2 areas. 14 families 58 kinds were investigated. Vegetation were variou at Dea-Ho conservation polt and Seok-Mun National Industrial Area which are maintaining naturally. Vegetation were simple at Hong-Bo and Dongjin and MinKyong river areas which effected sea water. Common species that were investigated at 9 sites were Suaeda asparagoides, Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica, Carex scabrifolis. As soil desalinization progressing, soil classified at first saline-soidc soil, the nest saline soil and then normal soil. Chenopodiaceae revealed at about 30 dS/m of soil ECe and existed to 10 dS/m of soil ECe. At about 20 dS/m of soil ECe. Aster tripolium, Calamagrostis epigeios, and Sonchus brachyotus revealed and then non-halophytes and common plants at inland revealed at low soil ECe of about 10 dS/m. However it was not to progress vegetation sucdession and soil desalinization at the same time, owing to input of seeds or plants ect from out-ecosystem. So for promotion of vegetation at newly reclaimed tidal land, we proposed that it was very effective to plant artificially halophytes or suitable species through soil test.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.123-139
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• 2011

It is expected that identification and lists of $C_4$ plants in specific regions are useful not only for the ecological researches that are related to vegetation phenology and succession but also as an index of climate change. In this review, $C_4$ plants growing in South Korea were listed and their life forms were investigated. In addition, we discussed the influences that climatic change and the $C_4$ plants exerted on plant ecosystem. Photosynthetic pathway types ($C_3$ and $C_4$) for the plant species in South Korea were determined by reviewing the scientific literatures published between 1971 and 2010. Of the total 4476 species in 1123 genera and 197 families, 206 species (4.6%) in 84 genera (7.5%) and 21 families (10.7%) were identified as $C_4$ plants (including $C_3$-$C_4$ intermediate plants). Among the identified $C_4$ species, 53 species (25.7%) in 26 genera and 15 families were classified as Dicotyledoneae, while 153 species (74.3%) in 58 genera and 6 families were classified as Monocotyledoneae. The majority of the $C_4$ species belong to four families: Chenopodiaceae (15 species), Amaranthaceae (13 species), Gramineae (102 speceis) and Cyperaceae (45 species). With respect to life form composition of 206 $C_4$ species, Th-$R_5$-$D_4$-t was most dominant: 95 species (46.1%) were included in Th, 123 species (59.7%) in $R_5$, 179 species (86.9%) in $D_4$, and 122 species (59.2%) in t. The projected increase in temperature due to climate change may provide better conditions for the growth of $C_4$ plants. Such a result will have considerable impacts on the interspecific competition between $C_3$ and $C_4$ plants, the distribution of $C_4$ plants, plant phenology, and plant diversity.