• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2014

PET는 자연 미생물에 의해서는 완전히 분해되지 않고, 산업의 발달과 소비 증가에 따른 PET의 광범위한 사용과 보급에 의한 많은 PET 폐기물의 발생은 심각한 환경문제를 야기한다. 이를 처리하기 위한 매립 및 소각은 소중한 화학자원의 경제적 손실이기도 하다. 이러한 환경 및 경제적 문제들을 다룰 수 있는 PET의 재활용 및 재 처리에 관한 다양한 방법들을 제시하였다. 그 중 폴리에스터 폐자원의 화학원료화가 매력적인 방법으로 각광받고 있다. 화학 원료화는 화학반응을 통해 고분자 PET 사슬을 분해시키고, 그 후 분리 정제과정을 통해 단량체와 같은 원료 화합물을 만드는 것이다. 이 원료 화합물로부터 새로운 폴리에스터를 재합성할 수 있기 때문에 폐 PET의 처리에 좋은 대안이라 할 수 있다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

The major concern in the deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuels include sulfide-induced corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of copper canisters. Sulfur diffusion into copper canisters may induce copper embrittlement by causing Cu₂S particle formation along grain boundaries; these sulfide particles can act as crack initiation sites and eventually cause embrittlement. To prevent the formation of Cu₂S along grain boundaries and sulfur-induced copper embrittlement, copper alloys are designed in this study. Alloying elements that can act as chemical anchors to suppress sulfur diffusion and the formation of Cu₂S along grain boundaries are investigated based on the understanding of the microscopic mechanism of sulfur diffusion and Cu₂S precipitation along grain boundaries. Copper alloy ingots are experimentally manufactured to validate the alloying elements. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy demonstrates that Cu₂S particles are not formed at grain boundaries but randomly distributed within grains in all the vacuum arc-melted Cu alloys (Cu-Si, Cu-Ag, and Cu-Zr). Further studies will be conducted to evaluate the mechanical and corrosion properties of the developed Cu alloys.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.411-417
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• 2023

During the operation of a nuclear power plant (NPP), the generation of radioactive waste, including dry active waste (DAW), concentrates, spent resin, and filters, mandates the implementation of appropriate disposal methods to adhere to Korea's waste acceptance criteria (WAC). In this context, this study investigates the potential use of polymer concrete (PC) as a high-integrity container (HIC) material for solidifying and packaging these waste materials. PC is a versatile composite material comprising binding polymers, aggregates, and additives, known for its exceptional strength and chemical stability. A comprehensive analysis of PC's long-term integrity was conducted in this study. First, its compressive strength, which is crucial for ensuring the structural stability of HICs over extended periods, was evaluated. Subsequently, the resilience of PC was tested under various stress conditions, including biological, radiological, thermal, and chemical stressors. The findings of this study indicate that PC exhibits remarkable long-term properties, demonstrating exceptional stability even when subjected to diverse stressors. The results therefore underscore the potential viability of PC as a reliable material for constructing high-integrity containers, thus contributing to the safe and sustainable management of radioactive waste in NPPs.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.787-799
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of metallic elements and the control effect of marine pollution caused by ocean dumping in the sediments at a waste disposal area in the Yellow Sea. In July 2009, concentrations of organic matter and metallic elements (Al, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were measured in surface sediments at the site. The ignition loss (IL) in the surface sediments showed a mean value of 15.4%, about 1.5 times higher than the mean value of the sediments in the coastal areas of Korea. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) at some disposal sites exceeded 20 mg $O_2/g{\cdot}dry$, which signifies the initial concentration of marine sediment pollutants in Japan. The disposal sites contain higher concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn than the sediments of bays and estuaries that might be contaminated. The magnitude of both metal enrichment factors (EF) and adverse biological effects suggest that pollution with Cr and Ni occurred due to the dumping of waste in the study area. In addition, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed that the surface sediments were moderately contaminated. By the mid-2000s, when the amount of waste dumped at this site was the highest, the concentration of metallic elements was higher than ever recorded. On the other hand, in 2008-09, the need for environmental management was relatively low compare with the peak. As a result, the quality of marine sediment has been enhanced, considering the effect of waste reduction and natural dilution in the disposal area.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.312-322
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• 1999

동해 울릉분지 남서측 해양투기장해역의 퇴적환경을 밝히기 위하여 해저지형과 퇴적물 특성을 조사하였다. 울릉분지 남서측 외대륙붕에 위치한 해양투기장 정해역은 팔림세스트(palimpsest) 퇴적물과 니질퇴적물의 교호퇴적상이 두껍게 나타난다. 울릉분지 남서측 대륙사면에 위치한 병해역은 대륙붕단으로부터 사질퇴적물의 간헐적인 유입을 제외하고는 반원양성 입자들의 수직적인 집적에 의해서 유동성이 큰 니질퇴적물(fluidized mud)이 해저지형을 평행하게 피복한다. 정해역과 병해역에서의 시추퇴적물에서는 저서생물의 교란에 의한 생흔구조들이 다수 관찰되며, 이에 의해서 퇴적물의 수직적인 혼합이 우세하게 일어난다. 표층퇴적물은 잔류퇴적물의 재동에 의한 조립질의 팔림세스트와 세립질퇴적물의 상대적 함량, 분급도, 그리고 중광물 특성들에 의해서 네 종류의 사질퇴적물(S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4)과 두 종류의 니질퇴적물(M-1, M-2)로 구분된다. 사질퇴적물들은 대부분이 태풍 또는 폭풍우로 야기된 고에너지 환경하에서 잔류퇴적물로부터 제동된 것으로 해석된다. 이에 반해 니질 퇴적물은 낙동강에서 유입된 현생 퇴적물, 대륙붕에서 재동된 세립질퇴적물, 그리고 동한난류(East Sea Warm Current)에 의해서 뜬짐으로 공급되는 입자성 부유물질 등으로 다양한 기원을 가진다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.521-528
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• 1999

As the size of our industry and population inclose, the byproducts such as municipal solid wastes, industrial wastes are in the increasing phase. The treatment of such things is rising as a social problem. Today, the final disposal of these wastes depends mostly on the landfill, and the sanitary landfill is required and designed for preventing soil and groundwater contamination. Clays have been used for a liner material of a sanitary landfill, however, the high quality clay is hard to come by and quite expensive as a lining material in our country. Using the waste lime produced abundantly every year from chemical processes was studied here, made from the proper mixing of the bentonite and the waste lime meets the regulations from the USEPA. The soil property index tests (sieve analysis, specific gravity test Atterberg limit test) were performed, and at last to confirm the sorption characteristics of the bentonite and the waste lime the sorption isotherm equilibrium test and the sorption isotherm were performed with Toluene and Ethylbenzene which are the main components of the leachate from the landfill.

• 청정기술
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1996

Billions of tons of industrial waste are generated annually in industrialized countries. Managing and legally disposing of these wastes costs tens to hundreds of billions of dollars each year, and these costs have been increasing rapidly. The escalation is likely to continue as emission standards become even more stringent around the world. In the face of these rapidly rising costs and rapidly increasing performance standards, traditional end-of-pipe approaches to waste management have become less attractive. The most economical waste management alternatives in many cases have become recycling of the waste or the redesign of chemical processes and products so that wastes are prevented or put to productive use. These strategies of recycling or reducing waste at the source have collectively come to be known as pollution prevention. The engineering challenges associated with pollution prevention are substantial. This presentation will categorize the challenges in three levels. At the most macroscopic level, the flow of materials in our industrial economy, from natural resource extraction to consumer product disposal, can be redesigned. Currently, most of our raw materials are virgin natural resources that are used once, then discarded. Studies in what has come to be called industrial ecology examine the material efficiency of large-scale industrial systems and attempt to improve that efficiency. A second level of engineering challenges is found at the scale of individual industrial facilities, where chemical processes and products can be redesigned so that waste is reduced. Finally, on a molecular level, chemical synthesis pathways, combustion reaction pathways, and other material fabrication procedures can be redesigned to reduce emissions of pollution and unwanted by-products. All of these design activities, shown in Figure 1, have the potential to prevent pollution. All involve the tools of engineering, and in particular, chemical engineering.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.167-183
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• 2021

고준위방사성폐기물 처분장의 장기 안전성 확보를 위해서는 공학적방벽 및 천연방벽 내에서 발생하는 복잡한 열-수리-역학-화학적(THMC) 복합거동 해석에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 특히 고준위방사성폐기물에서 발생하는 열로 인해 암반 및 완충재 내의 지하수에서 압력 증가 및 상변화가 발생하게 되며, 지하수의 유입으로 인해 공학적방벽 내 포화도가 변화하게 된다. 또한 포화도의 변화는 완충재 내에서의 열전달 및 다상 유동 특성에 영향을 미치게 된다. 따라서 복합거동 특성의 복잡성으로 인해 수치해석은 처분시스템에서의 THMC 복합거동 평가와 예측 및 안전성 평가에 있어 강점을 지니고 있으며, DECOVALEX 국제공동연구는 THMC 복합거동에 대한 이해도 증진 및 해석기법 검증을 목적으로 1992년부터 시작되었다. 국내에서는 2008년부터 한국원자력연구원이 지속적으로 참여하여 연구를 수행하고 있으며, 본 기술보고에서는 현재 진행 중인 DECOVALEX-2023의 주요 연구내용을 국내 암반 및 지반공학자들에게 소개하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.220-237
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• 2019

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the poorly rendered services in developing countries - limited resources, increasing population, rapid urbanization and application of outdated systems leads to inefficiency. Lack of proper planning and inadequate data regarding solid waste generation and collection compound the SWM problem. Decision makers need to formulate solutions that consider multiple goals and strategies. Given the large number of available options for SWM and the inter-relationships among these options, identifying SWM strategies that satisfy economic or environmental objectives is a complex task. The paper develops a mathematical model for a municipal Integrated SWM system, taking into account waste generation rates, composition, transportation modes, processing techniques, revenues from waste processing, simulating waste management as closely as possible. The constraints include those linking waste flows and mass balance, processing plants capacity, landfill capacity, transport vehicle capacity and number of trips. The linear programming model integrating different functional elements was solved by LINGO optimization software and various possible waste management options were considered during analysis. The model thus serves as decision support tool to evaluate various waste management alternatives and obtain the least-cost combination of technologies for handling, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.545-550
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• 2016

Demilitarization involves the disposal and recovery of obsolete explosives or ammunition. Cyclotol has been used as a military explosive along with RDX and HMX. A limited number of processes exist for safe disposal due to their sensitivity to thermal shock. Rotary kilns are widely used for thermal decomposition in many countries due to cost effectiveness and simplicity compared with supercritical oxidation. Phase change as well as condensed phase reactions(CPRs) and gas phase reactions(GPRs) with rates described by the Arrhenius equation of cyclotol has been considered in this work. Changes in gas fraction, reaction rate and mass of explosives were predicted at 490, 505 and 575 K. A maximum temperature of 2062 K has been predicted within the reactor at an initial temperature of 575 K due to GPRs. From this research, Thermal decomposition in the rotary kiln is plausible for demilitarization.