• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2000

Pest insect control is dependent on about 200 insecticides that work by relatively few mechanisms. The targets they disrupt are mostly involved in the nervous system, respiratory chain, growth and development, or the gut. The major nerve targets are: acetylcholinesterase for the organophosphates and methylcarbamates; the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for the neonicotinoids; the $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid receptor for several chlorinated hydrocarbons and fipronil; the voltage-gated sodium channel for DDT and pyrethroids. Selection of resistant strains often confers cross-resistance to some or all other insecticides working at the same site. The toxicological properties of different compounds acting on the same target are increasingly considered together, summating the risk even though the compounds are of quite diverse chemical types. Continuing attention is also being given to secondary targets not involved in the primary mechanism of toxicity but instead in side effects that must be considered in the overall safety evaluation. Research on insecticide targets is important in learning to keep up with resistance and changing concepts and policies on safety. These relationships are illustrated by recent studies in the Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.117-125
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• 1998

Flupyrazofos [O,O-diethyl-O-(1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-pyrazoyl)thiophosphoric acid ester]는 trifluoromethyl기가 존재하는 피라졸계통의 유기인계 살충제이다. 이 화합물은 배추좀나방에 대해서 탁월한 살충활성을 나타내었으며, 또한 작은각시들명나방과 멸강나방에 대해서도 우수한 살충활성을 나타내었다. 배추좀나방의 알, 번데기, 성충에 대해서는 살충효과가 떨어지지만, 유충은 발육 단계에 관계없이 강한 살충효과를 나타내었으며, 살충효과의 발현속도는 매우 빨랐다($LT_{50}$=0.9 hrs, $LT_{95}$=4.5 hrs). 침투이행성 효과는 없었지만, 잔효성은 있었다. 유기인계, 피레스로이드계 및 IGR계 저항성계통에 대해서 비교차저항성을 나타내었다. 채집지역별 살충제 감수성은 실내계통(S)과 큰차이가 없었다. 따라서 flupyrazofos는 야외에서 배추좀나방, 멸강나방, 작은각시들명나방을 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2005

신규 살충제 표적 단백질인 AnCE의 활성부위 잔기들과 상호작용 가능한 약리단 (pharmacophore)을 세 개의 펩타이드로 이루어진 ACE 기질 Hippuryl-L -histidyl-L-leucine (Hip-L-His-L-Leu, HHL) 분자의 구조를 모델로 하여 예측하였다. HHL의 분자구조, 용액장 내에서의 구조변화 그리고 약리단을 구성하는 원자들의 전하밀도 분석을 위해 순이론적인 양자화학 계산방법을 이용하여 구조 최적화, NMR 화학적 이동 및 NPA 계산을 수행하였다. 이론적인 NMR 화학적 이동 값들은 실험 결과와 잘 일치함을 보였고 전하밀도 계산 결과는 해당원자의 약리단을 분석하는데 사용되었다. 결과적으로 HHL 분자 구조를 통해 소수성(aromatic, aliphatic), 수소결합 주게, 수소결합 받게, 금속 아연 결합부위의 5개 약리단을 추출할 수 있었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.317-322
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• 1997

Acute delayed neurotoxicity of KH-502 [O.O-Diethyl O-(1-phenyyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-pyrazoyl) thiophosphoric acid ester], an insecticide synthesized newly in Korea, was studied in White Leghorn hens. The doses were determined on the basis of preliminary $LD_{50}$ study. High, middle and low doses were determined to be 1123 mg/kg, 762 mg/kg and 518 mg/kg, respectively. The animals were pretreated with atropine (30 mg/kg) prior to administration of KH-502. The chemical was administrated at the first and 21st day of the study. As positive controls, animals were admlnistrated with triorthocresylphosphate (TOCP 1000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). Animals administrated with TOCP or KH-502 were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation at 21st and 42nd day of the study, respectively. The central and peripheral nerve tissues were routinely treated for microscopic observation. As results, eight, three, one, and one chickens died within 2 day after adminiatration with signs of cholinergic acute toxicity in high, middle low and TOCP dose-group (500 mg/kg), respectively. No abnormal clinical signs were observed in the survived chickens administrated with KH-502 in the duration of the study. The chickens in positive control groups showed ataxia and incoordination at the 14th day after administration of TOCP. From necropsy, macroscopic changes were not observed in all groups including positive control groups. Histopathologically, oxonal swelling with myelin loss, focal gliosis, distention around axonal space were observed in the spinal cords of the chickens administrated with TOCP 1000 mg/kg. The lesions were distinct in the dorsal and lateral funiculi of cervical spinal cord, in the lateral and ventral funiculi of thoracic spinal cord and in ventral funiculi of lumbosacral spinal cord. Axonal swelling and mlcrogliosis were infrequently observed in the chickens of other groups including negative control one. However, they were nonspecifically distributed in the spinal cords. In this study, we concluded that the new chemical, KH-502 did not have acute delayed neurotoxicity in White Leghorn hens.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.559-568
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• 2003

LLE-GC/MS법을 사용하여 내분비계 교란물질로 추정되는 항 산화제 및 살충제를 동시에 분석할 수 있는 방법을 고안하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 항 산화제는 butylated hydroxy anisole(BHA) 및 butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)이고, 살충제는 allethrin 및 fenvalerate이었다. 표준시료에 대한 분석결과에서 검출한계(LOD)는 0.071~0.159 ng/ml이었으며, 이 때 상대표준편차는(%RSD)는 1.41~5.34이었다. 한강, 금강, 낙동강 및 섬진강 수계 중에서 이들 화합물들은 검출되지 않았다. 합성한 시료의 경우, 검출한계(LOD)는 0.051~0.132 ng/ml이었으며, 이 때 상대표준편차(%RSD)는 6.39~13.4% 이었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.829-840
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• 2023

Various chemical pesticides are used to control diamondback moths, Plutella xylostella, which are agricultural pests that occur in cruciferous crops worldwide and cause economic losses. However, due to pesticide misuse, resistance to P. xylostella is consistently reported domestically and internationally. Therefore, we aimed to monitor and map regional resistance to devise efficient and economical control methods for P. xylostella in Korea. This study selected eight highly used insecticides among those registered against P. xylostella. P. xylostella were collected from three cities in the Gyeonggi and Yeongnam Provinces to evaluate insecticide resistance. As a result of experiments with populations collected from Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province, resistance ratios were 114.88, 54.75, 119.00, and 64.00 times higher than the susceptible population with methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb, cyantraniliprole, and fluxametamide, respectively. The resistance ratios of the Yongin population in Gyeonggi Province were 166.33 times with cyantraniliprole and 195.25 times with fluxametamide higher than the susceptible population. The Pocheon population in Gyeonggi Province showed a resistance ratio 283.23 times higher than methoxyfenozide. As a result of experiments with populations collected from Gimhae and Sangju, Yeongnam Province, the resistance ratios of the Gimhae population were 80.97, 138.00, and 89.50 times higher than the susceptible population with methoxyfenozide, cyantraniliprole, and fluxametamide, respectively. Meanwhile, the resistance ratios of the Sangju population were 85.83, 224.67, and 303.25 times higher than the susceptible population with methoxyfenozide, cyantraniliprole, and fluxametamide, respectively. The Yeongnam Province Tongyeong population showed a resistance ratio 367.28 times higher to methoxyfenozide.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.151-157
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• 1987

유기인계(有機燐系) 살충제(殺蟲劑) 도태저항성계통(淘汰抵抗性系統)(acephate, demeton-S-methyl) 복숭아혹진딧물(Myzus persicae Sul.)을 공시(供試), acephate, cypermethrin, demeton-S-methyl, pirimicarb 상호혼합(相互混合)의 연합독작용(連合毒作用)을 검토(檢討)하여 아래와 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. acephate 도태저항성계통(淘汰抵抗性系統)에 대(對)한 acephate: demeton-S-meyl 혼합(混合)에서는 1:1 혼합비(混合比)에서 최대(最大)의 협력효과(協力效果)를 나타내었다. 2. acephate 도태저항성계통(淘汰抵抗性系統)에 대(對)한 acephate: pirimicarb의 혼합(混合)에서는 유사작용(類似作用) 내지 독립작용(獨立作用)만 관찰되었을 뿐 협력작용(協力作用)은 관찰되지 못하였다. 3. acephate 도태저항성계통(淘汰抵抗性系統)에 대(對)한 acephate: cypermethrin의 혼합(混合)에서는 혼합비(混合比)에 관계(關系)없이 모두 길항작용(拮抗作用)을 나타내었다. 4. demeton-S-methyl 도태저항성계통(淘汰抵抗性系統)에 대(對)한 demeton-S-methyl: acephate, demeton-S-methyl: pirimicarb 혼합(混合)에서는 각각(各各) 2:3, 3:2 혼합비(混合比)에서 최대(最大)의 협력효과(協力效果)를 나타내었다. 5. demeton-S-methyl 도태저항성계통(淘汰抵抗性系統)에 대(對)한 demeton-S-methyl: cypermethrin의 혼합(混合)에서는 1:1 혼합비(混合比)에서 최대(最大)의 협력효과(協力效果)를 나타내었다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2012

This study investigated exposure to air pollutants in rooms in low-income houses at Shomolu (R1), Mafoluku (R2) and Mushin (R3) in Lagos state. The concentrations of most measured exceeded limits of Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) for indoor air quality. Air quality index (AQI) in rooms studied was unhealthy for sensitive people in terms of CO, unhealthy in terms of $SO_2$ and very unhealthy in terms of $NO_2$ while moderate air quality was obtained in terms of $PM_{10}$ in most rooms. High concentrations of carbontetrachloride, formaldehyde and xylene measured could have been responsible for some of the health complaints of the occupants. Factor analysis shows that cooking with kerosene, use of gasoline generator and insecticide were the major contributors to indoor air pollution in these rooms. Therefore, there is need to urgently tackle poverty as all affected by these pollutants were poor who live in substandard houses without kitchens.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 1999

Xenorhabdus nematophilus sp., an insect-pathogenic bacterium, was newly isolated from Korean entomopathogenic nematode of Steinernema carpocapsae, which can be used as a useful bioinsecticide. Primary and secondary form variants of Xenorhabdus nematophilus were observed when cultured in vitro. Primary form variants adsorbed bromothymol blue, while secondary form did not. However, many other characters of two variants were very similar. The variants were all rod-shaped and cell size was highly variable ranging from 0.5 by 2.0 ${\mu}$m to 1.0 by 5.0 ${\mu}$m. Both produced highly toxic substances and killed the insect larva within 20∼38 hr, indicating that insect pathogenicity of Xenorhabdus is not directly associated with its phase variation. In addition, cell-free culture supernatant of Xenorhabdus was sufficient to kill the insect larva by injecting it ito insect hemolymph; however, cell-harboring culture broth was more effective for killing the insect. The use of Xenorhabdus nematophilus may provide a potential alternative to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.606-611
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• 1997

Entomogenous fungi which attack living insects are powerful means for microbiological insecticide. The purpose of this study is to establish the culture conditions and media for mass production of Beauveria sp. C208 which has a broad host range as a potential microbiological pesticide. The temperature and pH range for optimal cultivation of this strain were 28$circ$C and pH 5.0-7.0. For Beauveria sp. C 208, 2% rice straw and 0.6% tryptone were found as the proper carbon and nitrogen sources, considering cell mass, enzyme activities such as chitinase, protease and lipase, and spore concentration.