• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2016

Sole in the footwear usually modified with foaming agent on the polymer resin to improve the lightweightness and crush-cushion effect. In this study, we investigated rheological properties for polymer resin filled with the different type and concentration of foaming agent, capsule type foaming agent and organo-chemical foaming agent, under the time sweep test. Curing times of each polymer resin with different kind of foaming agent are delayed than reference material (epoxy resin with curing agent). In case of adding capsule type foaming agent, however, there is appropriate concentration to reduce the curing time, relatively. When foaming agent is activated, foaming force inflates the sample in contrast to condensation force of curing and then axial normal force develop to the (+) direction. Interestingly, by increase concentration of foaming agent, there is a specific point to break down the axial normal force development. The reason for this phenomenon is that coalescence of foams induce the blocking of axial normal force development.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.853-858
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• 2001

Generally, mixed materials of LDPE, EVA and foaming agent are manufactured by crosslinking foaming or chemical foaming process. Above materials were used in a microcellular foaming injection molding process. Influence of each factor such as injection type, temperature of barrel, rate of mixed materials and contents of foaming agent was estimated by DOE(Design of Experiments). As a result of experiments, injection type and rate of LDPE, EVA have an influence on foaming rate. This data can be used in field of application of LDPE and EVA.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2004

Low foaming scouring agents (LSSA) were prepared by blending of amine salt of dodecylbenzene sulfone, poly (PO-b-EO) glycol, Newpol PP-2000, MJU-100, ethylene glycol and organic solvent. As the results of several tests, LSSA-2 showed good scouring effect, penetrating ability and emulsifiability, and showed not much water pollution. The foaming power of LSSA-2 measured by Ross & Miles method was 11mm foam height immediately after foaming. And the foaming power of LSSA-2 measured by Ross & Clark method were less than 310mm foam height at $30^{\circ}C$, 17mm at $80^{\circ}C$. As a result, LSSA-2 was proved as a good foaming scouring agent.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.174-177
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• 2010

We have developed an environment-friendly etching process, an alternative to the dichromic acid etching process, as a pretreatment of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic for electroless plating. In order to plate ABS plastic in an electroless way, there should be fine holes on the surface of the ABS plastic to enhance mechanically the adhesion strength between the plastic surface and the plate. To make these holes, the surface was coated uniformly with dispersed chemical foaming agents in a mixture of environmentally friendly dispersant and solvent by the methods of dipping or direct application. The solvent seeps into just below the surface and distributes the chemical foaming agents uniformly beneath the surface. After drying off the surface, the surface was heated at a temperature well below the glass transition temperature of ABS plastic. By pyrolysis, the chemical foaming agents made fine holes on the surface. In order to discover optimum conditions for the formation of fine holes, the mixing ratio of the solvent, the dispersant and the chemical foaming agent were controlled. After the etching process, the surface was plated with nickel. We tested the adhesion strength between the ABS plastic and nickel plate by the cross-cutting method. The surface morphologies of the ABS plastic before and after the etching process were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2006

Solvent-free low foaming scouring agents (LFSC) were prepared by blending of 2-ethylhexylaminoethyl sulfate (2-EHAS), POE(10) octadecylbenzyl- ammonium chloride (POBAC) and Sedlan FF-200 (FF-200). As the results of several tests, 2-EHAS/POBAC/FF-200/water (8g/12g/20g/60g) mixture (LFSC-5) showed good cleaning power, penetrating ability and stability to alkali, and gave less problem in water pollution. The foaming power of LFSC-5 measured by Ross and Miles method was 8mm foam height immediately after foaming, and that measured by Ross and Clark method was less than 300mm foam height at $30^{\circ}C$, and 18mm at $80^{\circ}C$. As a result, LFSC-5 proved a good low foaming scouring agent for fiber.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2011

Bubbles within the foamed concrete manufactured by pre-foaming method is the main factor which affects the physical properties of foamed concrete such as density, strength, and porosity. Although many researches on foamed concrete have been continuously carried out, insufficient number of researches on the properties related to bubbles in the foamed concrete has been performed except for chemical application related researches. In order to make an optimal foamed concrete, study on the bubble properties must be pursued. In order to effectively implement bubbles in the manufacturing of foamed concrete, the bubble properties must be estimated. In this study, in order to determine the bubble properties, examination of the bubble properties according to types and foaming agent concentration was performed. An foaming agent used for this test were anionic surfactant, rosin, and protein system with the foaming agent concentration range of 0.05~13%. Test parameters considered in the study were foaming rate, foam volume, drainage solution volume, and bubble size. The study results showed that, regardless of foaming agent type, higher concentration of foaming agent showed an increase in the foaming rate. Also, the results showed that concentration of foaming agent affected bubble size, drainage solution volume change, and bubble distributions. With respect to the stability of the bubble, protein foaming agent was better than anion surfactant or rosin foaming agent. With respect to the bubble shape, anion surfactant and rosin formed bubbles had polygon shape where as protein formed bubbles had spherical shape.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-61
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• 1985

This study was performed to obtain the basic data which can be applied to the use of foaming mortars. The data was based on the properties of foaming mortars depending upon various mixing ratios and addings to compare those of cement mortar. The foaming agents which was used at this experiment were pre-foamed type and mix-foaming type which is being used as mortar structures. The foaming mortar, mixing ratios of cement to fine aggregate were 1:1, 1: 2, 1 : 3 and 1 : 4. The addings of foaming agents were 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% of cement weight. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the lowest water-cement ratios were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and decreased in more addition of foaming agent. The water-cement ratios were decreased up to 1. 8~22. 0% by G, 2. 2~24. 1 % by U and 0. 7~53. 1% by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. 2, At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the highest bulk densities were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was decreased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. The bulk densities were decreased up to 1. 4~20. 7% by G, 2. 3~23. 7% by U and 26. 5~56. 5% by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. Therefore, foaming mortar could be utilized to the constructions which need low strengths. 3. At the mixing ratio of 1:1, the lowest absorption rates were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. Specially, according to the absorption rate when immersed in 72 hours, the absorption rates were showed up to 1. 01~1. 24 times by G, 1. 03~1. 58 times by U and 1. 10~5. 91 times by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. It was significantly higher at the early stage of immersed time than cement mortar. 4. At the mixing ratio of 1:1, the lowest air contents were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. Air contents were contented up to 4. 0~17. 2 times by G, 5. 2~23. 2 times by U and 23. 8~74. 5 times by J foaming mortar than cement mortar. 5. At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the lowest decreasing rates of strengths were showed by foaming mortars, respectively. But, it gradually was increased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. Specially, the strengths of 28 days were decreased 0. 4~2. 2% than those of 7 days by foaming mortar, respectively. Also, the correlations between compressive and tensile strength, compressive and ending strength, tensile and bending strength were highly significant as a straight line shaped, respectively. 6. The correlations between absorption rate, air content, compressive strength and bulk density, absorption rate, compressive strength and air content were highly significant, respectively. The multiple regression equations of water-cement ratio, bulk density, absorption ate, air content, compressive strength, tensile strength and bending strength were computed depending on a function of mixing ratio and addition of foaming agent. It was highly significant, respectively. 7. At the mixing ratio of 1 : 1, the highest strengths were showed by cement mortar and foaming mortars, by chemical reagents. But, it gradually was decreased in poorer mixing ratio. The decreasing rates of strengths were in order of H $_2$S0 $_4$, HNO$_3$ and HCI, J,U,G foaming mortar and cement mortar. Specially, at the each mixing ratio, each chemical reagent and 3.0% of foaming agent, J foaming mortar was collapsed obviously. Therefore, for the structures requiring acid resistence, adding of foaming agent should be lower than 3.0%.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2012

Production process of the flexible ceramic foamed body through the complexation with the fiberous sepiolite and expanded pearlite was researched. The processing of fibrillation of the inorganic mineral fiber sepiolite is the most important whole processing for manufacturing of the ceramic foamed body consisting of the expanded perlite and sepiolite. The fibrous sepiolite and expanded pearlite are blended and becomes the slurry phase. And this slurry phase is converted to a massive foamed body through the low temperature heat treatment process less than $300^{\circ}C$. The heat-treatment process of the slurry phase composite has to be designed to include the evaporation step of the moisture remaining among the slurry composition, foaming step by the decomposition of the foaming agent, and resolution removal step of the organic material which was added in the composite remained after the foaming step. The heat treatment process should be considered as significant factors in design of total process. As to the condition of heat treatment process and foaming agent, there was the a correlation. An organic type foaming agent like DSS (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinte) was effective in foaming of the slurry compound consisting of the expanded perlite and sepiolite fiber.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2001

Physical properties of foams depend on the density of foams, Physical properties of base polymers, open ceil contents, and cell structures including the size, size distribution, shape of ceil and the thickness of membrane and strut. The density of foam is affected by raw materials, concentration oi crosslinking agent and blowing agent and process parameters such as processing technique and condition. Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA) foam is a crosslinked cellular material. The foaming characteristics and physical properties of EVA foam are affected by decomposition rate of blowing agent. In this study, the decomposition rate of blowing agent and crosslinking rate, foaming characteristics and physical properties of foams were evaluated. The slow decomposition rate of blowing agent results in low density foam, good shock absorption property and uniform cell size distribution compared to the high decomposition rate of blowing agent.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.272-279
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• 2010

Starch is an environmental-friendly natural source, more interests are attracted to use starch for synthesis of composites and coating sols. Starch-acrylic coating sols for architectural materials were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. The structures of synthesized materials were characterized by using Infrared spectra, $^1H$-NMR spectra, and physical characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction, foaming test, whiteness test, gloss test and tensile strength test. XRD results showed that starch in starch-acrylic copolymer matrix was in an amorphous state. Starch-acrylic emulsion was compounded with 1%, 3%, 5% foaming agent (n-pentane) and 60% $CaCO_3$ solution. The results showed that starch and foaming agent could increase the foamability. Tensile strength increased with the enhancement of starch and foaming agent concentration. But whiteness and gloss decreased with increase of starch and foaming agent concentration.