• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 1990

This study was carried out by investigating the changes of physico-chemical and mechanical properties of Gwanghwal and Poseung series in order to obtain basic information on the soil improvement and management. 1. In Gwanghwal series, the content of salt in soil and ground water before rice transplanting at the 21st year after reclamation were 0.29 and 1.02 percent respectively, and the safty cultivation of paddy rice was possible after 33 years of reclamation in both soil series. 2. Clay contents. atterberg limits and clay activity according to the age of reclaimation showed negative correlation. but sand content and N-value were positive in them. 3. Cone index was lower than $3kg/cm^2$ for the first 5 years after reclaimation in both soil series, and the formation of hard pan were 33rd and 49th year after reclamation in Gwanghwal and Poseung series respectively, and its thickness was more in Poseung than in Gwanghwal series. 4. Shearing resistance decreased with the age of reclaimation in both soil series. and friction resistance increased in Gwanghwal than Poseung siries. 4. Shearig resistance decreased with the age of reclaimation in both soil series, and friction resistance increased in Gwanghwal than Poseung series. 5. Soil pH. available, $SiO_2$, $Mg^2$, $K^+$, $Na^+$ and C. E. C showed negative correlation. with the year cultivated paddy rice. but O. M. ava ilable $P_2O_5Ca^{2+}$ and T-N had positive one in both soil series. Contents of O. M and $Ca^{2+}$ and T-N had positive one in both soil series. Contents of O. M and $Ca^{2+}$ were high in Gwanghwal, but C. E. C. was in Poseung series.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.699-706
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag as soil conditioner in a nursery and two natural forests. The BOF slag was applied at rates of 0, 4, 8, and 12 t/ha for seedbed nursery of three tree species-Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis and Amorpha fruticosa; and 0, 10, 20, and 40 t/ha for Pinus densiflora natural forests located at two sites. In case of the nursery study, the significant increase in soil pH and contents of Ca, Mg, $SiO_2$, Fe and Mn was noticed after six months of the BOF slag application. Dry weight of Pinus densiflora seedlings with BOF slag treatments was lower compared with that of control. There were no significant differences among treatments in dry weight of Larix leptolepis seedlings. Dry weight of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings, which are deciduous species and grow rapidly at seedling stage, increased significantly and T/R ratio decreased as BOF slag rate increased. The differences of effects of BOF slag application on the seedlings of tree species may be attributed to the differences of optimum pH range of the species. In Pinus densiflora natural forests, there were no significant differences in soil pH and contents of $SiO_2$, Fe and Mn among the treatments, but these values became higher as BOF slag rate increased. Contents of Ca in soil became significantly higher as BOF slag rate increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in net production of mature Pinus densiflora trees, but BOF slag rate of 10ton/ha showed the highest net production. Young Pinus densiflora trees at the plots of BOF slag rate of 10 t/ha showed significantly higher root collar diameter growth rate and twig net production than those of other treatments. It may be given as a conclusion that BOF slag application in nursery and forest soil increased soil pH and contents of Ca, $SiO_2$, Fe and Mn in soil and they showed the ability of BOF slag to be used as a soil conditioner in strongly acid soil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.6
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• pp.61-77
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• 1965

In this experiment, Akiochi was studied especially on plant growth on the degraded soils. Besides, such soils were carefully examined on its character and plant body was analysed to know the difference in various mineral contents. For this purpose, paddy cultivation was done with the variety Pal Dal at Suwon, Sosa and Pyungtak. Three plots were chosen at each location as the normal and 2 levels of akiochi, a-the stronger and b-the weaker. Harvests from these 9 plots were measured agronomically and also chemically analysised. As for soil, after an observation on vertical section of soil, samples from each layer were also studied both physically and chemically. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Outer changes in rice plant and changes in yield components. 1) Rice from Akiochi soil showed remarkably shortened culm length, head length, protrusoion length, blade length of boot leaf, and coleoptile length, compared with that from the normal paddy field. 2) There was a tendency for Akiochi rice to have more heads per plant. 3) Akiochi rice showed poorer intercalary growth of upper 3 internodes. The ratio of this upper internode length to total culm length was also smaller in this case. Consquently the ratio of lower internode length to total culm length became larger than that from normal peddy field. 4) Akiochi rice showed significantly fewer first spikelets and attached grains of head at main stem. 5) Maturing rate of both this main seem of whole plant body was remarkably lower than that of normal rice. 6) Akiochi rice showed lower head weight of main stem, total hulled rice weight, total grain yield, 1000-grain weight, straw weight and straw-hulled rice ratio. 2. Physical and chemical study on soil. 1) Akiochi soil showed thinner upper layer and total thickness of upper and lower parts was smaller than that of normal. 2) Akiochi soil of Suwon was mainly composed of sand, while that of Sosa and Pyungtak was composed of heavy clay. 3) Chemical analysis indicated that content of $SiO_2$ in upper layer is always lower than that of normal. But no other common tendencies were found. 4) This analysis further lillustrates lower content of Fe, & Mn at Suwon ; of Mn at Sosa and higher content of Fe at Sosa and organic matters at Pyungtak. 5) Some differences in the content of N in each plot could be marked though irregular. 3. Chemical Composition of plant body. 1) Chemical analysis on grain, boot leaf and straw did not suggest any remarkable differences between normal and Akiochi rice, except that the latter contains less Si in boot leaf and less Mn in straw. 2) Contents of each chemical element were measured in grain and straw to calculate the percentage of element content in grain to that of whole plant body including both grain and straw. Here, Akiochi rice always showed lower value in N, K and Mn. 4. Relationship between chemical composition of plant body and that of soil. Akiochi soil at Sosa marked lower content of Mn. This caused another lower content of this element in grain, boot leaf and straw. But except that, no remarkable relationship could be found in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of forest soil acidification on the distribution of exchangeable cations($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$) and heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd) in soil, and to understand the relation of the soil chemical properties and the distribution of nutrients and hear metals in fine root and foliage. The results through survey on the long - term change of soil pH and the contents of nutrient and heavy metal in soil, fine root and foliage by 2 sites near Ulsan - Onsan industrial estate and 2 sites in limited development district are summarized as follows : 1. The average forest soil pH(A horizon) in Ulsan had been proceeded down to 3.73 in deciduous forest and 3.86 in coniferous forest in 1994 from 4.45 and 4.78 in 1987, respectively, which indicated serious soil acidification. As comparing soil pH among sites, Dongcheon coniferous forest(pH 4.57) in limited development district showed the highest values and Dangwol deciduous forest(pH 3.19) near Onsan industrial estate showed the lowest values in 1994. 2. Contents of exchangeable calcium in forest soils of limited development district where showed much higher soil pH than industrial estate were 3.5 times more in deciduous forest soil and 11 times more in coniferous forest soil than in industrial estate, and contents of exchangeable magnesium were also 4.5 and 5 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively. However contents of exchangeable aluminium which had been supposed more in forest soil of industrial estate were more in limited development district. 3. Contents of calcium and magnesium in fine root of deciduous trees(A hirsuta. Q. acutissima) were 3.6 and 1.7 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively, and those of coniferous trees(P. rigida, P. thunbergii) were 4.6 and 1.5 times more in Limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively. Also contents of calcium and magnesium in foliage of deciduous trees were 1.1 and 2.2 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively, and those of coniferous trees were 1.8 and 3.3 times more in limited development district, respectively. And contents of aluminium in fine root and foliage were nearly as same as in soil. 4. Ca/Al molar ratios in soil and fine root, which could be related with the dgree of soil acidification and Al toxicity on trees, were Less than 1 in all sites except Dongcheon, suggesting that the soil and fine root in the sites have high sensitivity to soil acidification and the decrease in nutrient uptake and root enlargement. The Ca/Al molar ratios in soil and fine root in coniferous forest were highly correlated with the soil pH one another. 5. Contents of Cu, Zn and Pb in soil, fine root and foliage were more in industrial estate than in limited development district in both deciduous and coniferous forests, however, oppositely contents of Mn and Cd in soil were more in limited development district than in industrial estate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.350-358
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• 1998

To determine the optimum application of fertilizers for the cultivation of tomato in plastic film house, eighteen soils which contained different salt contents were taken from four different areas under plastic film house cultivation, Youngdong, Boeun, Cheongweon county, and Cheongju city. The dry weight and the amount of N, P, and K uptakes of tomato in the plot with no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the fertility of the soil. The differences in the dry weight and in the amounts of N, P, and K uptakes of plants between the plots with fertilization and with no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the total effect of fertilizer and the effects of fertilizer N, P, and K, respectively. These factors of soil fertility and fertilizer effects were estimated by correlation and regression with the chemical properties of the soil in order to find the critical levels and recommended method for optimum fertilization of tomato. The standardized partial regression coefficients of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) contents in soil for the factors of fertility ranged from 247 to 1,159, showing the best, while those of the others ranged from 0.02 to 4.02. Those of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) contents in soil for the electrical conductivity were also the best and were ranged from 35.2 to 36.0 compared with the values of less than 1.0 of the others. These results demonstrate that the content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the best index for both soil fertility and electrical conductivity of the soil. The critical level of inorganic nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) in the soil for maximum productivity with zero value of fertilizer effects for tomato, estimated through Cate-Nelson split method was $220mg\;kg^{-1}$. This was the same value as evaluation for the cultivation of chinese cabbage. In conclusion, for optimal application of fertilizer in plastic film house, 1) no fertilization is recommended when the contents of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is more than $220mg\;kg^{-1}$; however, 2) in the case of less than $220mg\;kg^{-1}$ of inorganic nitrogen content in the soil, the optimal level of fertilization could be estimated through the regression equation between fertilizer effects and content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1988

To investigate the effects of paper sludge on seasonal variations of volatile lower fatty acids in paddy soil, paper sludge was applied to pots at the rate of either 300, 600, 900 or 1,200 kg/l0a which was either preadjusted at a C/N ratio of 30 : 1 or not adjusted. The decomposition rate of paper sludge, the evolution of $CO_2$, and the fractions of volatile lower fatty acids in the soil were determined. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Paper sludge was decomposed to $35{\sim}44%$, and its C/N ratio was $55{\sim}82$, respectively, at 120 days after treatment. 2. The evolution of $CO_2$, in the soil was proportional to the amount of paper sludge added. Significant positive correlations were observed the $CO_2$ evolution was compared with the decomposition rate of paper sludge, and volatile fatty acid contents in soil. 3. Acetic, propionic, butyric, i-butyric, valeric and i-valeric acids were identified in all the soils investigated. The content of the total volatile fatty acids in the soil increased with as the application of paper sludge increased. The formation of the acids was the highest at 25 days after treatment, and thereafter the contents of the acids decreased as time elapsed. 4. The volatile fatty acids in the soil inhibited the growth of paddy rice in early stages. The contents of acetic, propionic and i-valeric acids in the soil negatively, correlated with the uptake of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO, MgO and $SiO_2$ in the paddy rice at 25 days after transplantation. In addition, the uptake of $P_2O_5$ and CaO in the paddy rice negatively correlated with the content of butyric acid in the soil. 5. The content of total volatile fatty acids positively correlated with the content of $Fe^{++}$ and $Mn^{++}$ in the soil at 25 days after transplantation. A significantly positive correlation was observed between $Fe^{++}$ and acetic acid contents in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1058-1064
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• 2012

A green manure crop were used in many ways, such as for reducing chemical fertilizer, improving physical and chemical properties of soils, protecting soil loss, and creating landscape when it's grown in agricultural land. Experiments were conducted to find out carbon emitted with applying green manure crops in paddy field. Amounts of carbon absorbed in the green manure crops during the winter were 1.22 ton $ha^{-1}$ in hairy vetch, 1,24 ton $ha^{-1}$ in barley, and 1.54 ton $ha^{-1}$ in hairy vetch/barley. The soil carbon content was the highest at days before transplanting of rice and decreased after days after harvesting the plant. Soil carbon contents were higher with hairy vetch or barley treatment than with hairy vetch/barley treatment. The content of emitted methane ($CH_4$) was the highest at 7 days after transplanting rice plant, and was 17 ~ 25 times higher with green manure treatments than with chemical fertilizer application. The $CH_4$ emission was the highest with hairy vetch treatment and than followed by hairy vetch/barley and barley treatments. The content of carbon absorbed in rice plant increased during the cultivation period but was not different with the applications of different green manure crops. The yield amounts of rough rice and rice strow were 5 ~ 13% higher with the green manure treatments than the chemical fertilizer application. In particular, they were the highest with hairy vetch/barley treatment as 14.07 ton $ha^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.546-551
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to investigate soil chemical and microbiological characteristics in Yeongnam, Honam, Chungcheong and Kangwon for forest rehabilitation and management in abandoned coal mine areas. Average soil pH was 5.5 (4.2 ~ 8.1). Average contents of TOC, total N and available P2O5 were 1.1% (0.1 ~ 2.6%), 0.08% (0.02 ~ 0.14%) and 16.1 ppm (3.4 ~ 63.1 ppm), respectively. Average CEC was 3.4 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ and total no. of bacteria1 showed $4.9{\times}10^{12}CFU\;g^{-1}$. According to areas, soil pH was the highest in Kangwon (6.1), and Yeongnam (5.7), Honam (5.3) and Chungcheong (4.7), respectively. TOC and total no. of bacteria showed no difference. Total-N was higher in order of Yeongnam (0.10%) > Chungcheong (0.08%) = Honam (0.07%) > Kangwon (0.06%), while Av. $P_2O_5$ Yeongnam (23.9 ppm) = Chungcheong (24.5 ppm) > Honam (10.9 ppm) = Kangwon (4.9 ppm). Yeongnam showed higher value in CEC (17.5 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$) than any other areas. Generally, soil characteristic of Yeongnam was better for vegetation growth than any other areas, while Kangwon was worse. According to elapsed time from forest rehabilitation, patterns of soil pH and CEC showed decrease according to time while TOC and total-N increased. There were no significant differences in Av. $P_2O_5$ and total no. of bacteria. Soil chemical characteristics in abandoned coal mine areas were disadvantageous for vegetation growth in comparison with general forest soils. Therefore, sustainable managements such as fertilization are necessary for good rooting and growth of vegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.46-62
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• 2010

This study was conducted to understand the water and soil properties to propose the promotion of vegetation environment at farm pond depression. We selected 8 palustrine wetlands from agricultural area after consideration of human interference, surround land use, and size of area. Water quality analysis showed that the average SS, T-N, T-P were over the limit of agricultural water quality standard level at some sites. The cause for deterioration of water quality is supposed by the long-term stagnation of water in palustrine wetland. The recommended measures to improve water quality are as follows; improving water circulation by connecting with nearby natural water, preventing oxygen depletion by dredging deposit, lowering down T-N and T-P by removing autumn plants, preventing inflow of phosphorus in fertilizer ingredients which is the main cause for high T-P. The soil contamination of the surveyed area was about the same level of average heavy metal contents in soils from 2,010 paddy fields in Korea, which was much lower than soil contamination standards. As for soil texture, sand content was 40~90% and clay content was less than 20%. The content of silt and clay in soil from community of floating-leaved:submerged hydrophytes and community of emergent hydrophytes was higher that of soil from community of hygrophytes, and the content of sand in soil from community of hygrophytes was 10% higher than underwater soil. In terms of bulk density, the average was 0.24~0.96g/$cm^3$, which was quite low, because of high content of peat and organic matter in soil of the surveyed area. As for the average content of organic matter, community of floating-leaved:submerged hydrophytes was 18.25g/kg, community of emergent hydrophytes was 16.88g/kg, and community of hydrophytes was 25.63g/kg. The range of content of T-N in soil of community of floating-leaved；submerged hydrophytes was 0.022~0.307%, and that of community of emergent hydrophytes was 0.029~0.681% and that of community of hydrophytes was 0.088~0.325%. Apart from three sites in the surveyed area, most parts were over the standards or below the standard. After this study, we will conduct and discuss the relationship between vegetation characteristics and environments, which will be used of the best practical management and restoration of wetland.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 1994

The objective of this research was to examine the effect of ammonium thiosulfate(ATS) on urease activity and on biological and chemical properties of flooded paddy soil especially having high organic matter content by comparing with the effect of sodium thiosulfate(STS). The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The hydrolysis of urea was inhibited at 3 and 5 days after treatment of thiosulfate(ATS and STS) +glucose and thiosulfate only, respectively. The inhibitory effect of ATS on urea hydrolysis was slightly lower than that of STS in glusoce-added soils, but when the glucose was not added, the effects of ATS and STS were not different significantly. 2. The soil pH and Eh was lowered by 0.3~0.5 units and 30~120 mV, respectively, when incubated flooded soil with ATS and glucose at $25^{\circ}C$. 3. Soil respiration rate in/flooded soil was increased by 10~70% with the treatment of ATS during the 20 day experimental period. 4. The contents of acetic and butyric acid in thiosulfate treatment soil was below $10{\mu}g/g$, which was lower than that($220.3{\mu}g/g$) of critical growth inhibition of rice.