• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical parameters on butchery wastes as a bulking agent in composting of swine manure. Treatments included T1 : Swine manure + Rice hull, T2 ; Swine manure + Rice hull + Vermiculite, T3 ; Swine manure + Rice hull + Perlite, T4, Swine manure + Vermiculite, T5 : Swine manure + Vermiculite + Perlite, T6 ; Swine manure + Perlite, T7 ; Swine manure + lice hull + Vermiculite + Perlite. During the composting period, changes of temperature and pH were showed traditionally composting trend. Moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen and C/N ratio were higher rice hull than vermiculite and perlite treatments. Ammonia-N and EC were not differences among the treatments. In heave metal, Cd and Cr were showed higher in vermiculite treatments than other treatments. Rice hull treatments were decreased volatile fatty acids compared to that of other treatments. In conclusion, rite hull containing high organic content was greater composting effects than vermiculite and perlite containing low organic content.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2015

Monitoring of soil fertility and crop productivity in long-term application of fertilizers is necessary to use fertilizers efficiently. This study was conducted to investigate effects of continuous application of lime for rice cultivation from 1969 to 2014. The treatments were no lime treatments (N, NPK, NPKC, and NPKS) and lime treatments (N+L, NPK+L, NPKC+L, and NPKS+L). The application of lime in addition to N, NPK, and NPKC tended to increase pH, exchangeable Ca, and available $SiO_2$. The input of mean annual $1,170Mg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ of lime increased pH $0.0042yr^{-1}$, $0.0062yr^{-1}$, $0.0127yr^{-1}$, and $0.0041yr^{-1}$ in lime treatments (N+L, NPK+L, NPKS+L, and NPKC+L) compared with no treatments (N, NPK, NPKS, and NPKC), respectively. The mean annual Ca field balance varied from 169 to $561kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$in no treatments, from 871 to $1,263kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in lime treatments, indicating that Ca was accumulated in the soils. The mean annual Ca field balance in silicate fertilizer treatments (NPKS, NPKS+L) were higher than that of other treatments because silicate fertilizer included Ca component. Grain yield of rice had no significant differences between no lime treatments and lime treatments. Thus the application of lime led to changes in soil chemical properties but had no impact on the production of rice.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.737-740
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• 1997

The influence of cyclic treatments with H2O2/DIW (1 : 10) and HF/DIW (1 : 100) on the roughness of silicon surface in the wet chemical processing was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). During the step of the SC-1 cleaning, there is a large increase in roughness on the silicon surface which will result in the poor gate oxide breakdown properties. The roughness of the silicon wafer after the SC-1 cleaning step was reduced by cyclic treatments of hydrogen peroxide solution and hydrofluoric acid solution instead of HF-only cleaning. AFM images after each step clearly illustrated that the average roughness of silicon surface after three times treatments with H2O2 and HF solutions was reduced by 10 times compared with that after the SC-1 cleaning step.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.368-373
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects on the composition and rumen degradation in sacco of rice straw treated with animal urine (1 l of 2.9 g N/kg DM straw) and urea plus calcium hydroxide (2% urea plus 0.5% $Ca(OH)_2$/kg DM straw) as a cheap and relatively safe alternative for ammonia (3% ammonia solution/kg DM straw). Mold occurred in urine treated straw, but other treatments were apparently mold-free. All treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased CP content in the straw compared with untreated one. Ammonia-treated straw contained CP at about twice that in urine or urea-calcium hydroxide treated straw. NDF and hemicellulose contents decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all treatments, while ADF and cellulose showed no differences compared with untreated straw. The degradable fraction of DM, CP, NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose was significantly (p<0.05) increased for ammonia and urea-calcium hydroxide treatments than for urine treated or untreated straw except for CP of urine treated straw. Chemical treatment of rice straw increased the readily degradable fraction of CP, while it decreased the slowly degradable fraction for urine or urea-calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. The degradation rate of hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.05) increased for ammonia and urea-calcium hydroxide treatments compared to urine treated or untreated straw. However, no effect on cellulose degradation rate was found by any of the treatments. There was no improvement in the degradation kinetics caused by the urine treatment despite the improvement of the chemical composition. Although the improvement in rumen degradability was less in the urea-calcium hydroxide treatment than in the ammonia treatment, its use may be more desirable because it is less expensive to obtain, less hazardous nature, and readily available. For further improvement it is necessary to investigate the supplementation of slowly degradable nitrogen to ureacalcium hydroxide treated rice straw diet.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2014

Commercial activated-carbon used as the electrode material of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was posttreated with various acids and alkalis to increase its capacitance. The carbon samples prepared were then heat-treated in order to control the amount of acidic functional groups formed by the acid treatments. Coin-type EDLC cells with two symmetric carbon electrodes were assembled using the prepared carbon materials and an organic electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of the EDLC was measured by galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among the various activated carbons, the carbon electrodes (CSsb800) prepared by the treatments of coconutshell-based carbon activated with NaOH and $H_3BO_5$, and then heat treated at $800^{\circ}C$ under a flow of nitrogen gas, showed relatively good electrochemical performance. Although the specific-surface-area of the carbon-electrode material ($1,096m^2/g$) was less than that of pristine activated-carbon ($1,122m^2/g$), the meso-pore volume increased after the combined chemical and heat treatments. The specific capacitance of the EDLC increased from 59.6 to 74.8 F/g (26%) after those post treatments. The equivalent series resistance of EDLC using CSsb800 as electrode was much lower than that of EDLC using pristine activated carbon. Therefore, CSsb800 exhibited superior electrochemical performance at high scan rates due to its low internal resistance.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2012

This study was carried out to develop the improved useful mutants for yield or composition of stevia plants using the gamma ray or chemical mutagens treatments. The seeds of stevia 'Suwon No. 11' were irradiated up to 400 Gy of gamma ray. Chemical mutagens were treated on the seeds of the 'Suwon No. 11' using 0.07% colchicine, 10 mM sodium azide, or 10 mM NMU for various durations. The germination rate, and shoot and root growth of seedling were estimated at 30 days after gamma ray irradiation or chemical mutagen treatment, and the plant height, the number of branches, and leaf length and width were examined at 3 months after mutagenesis treatments. In the case of gamma ray treatments, the germination rate and early-stage growth were decreased as the increase of radiation dose, and the 50% lethal dose was found to be 200 Gy. the plant height was decreased as the increase of radiation dose, while the number of branches per plant and leaf length were increased. Leaf shape was modified to the relatively longer one compared to the control, which was identified more apparently at the treatments of higher than 150 Gy. In the treatment of chemical mutagens, the rate of germination and survival were decreased as the increase of incubation time. The 50% lethal dose for germination rate were identified as the conditions of the 15 hours incubation in 0.07% colchicine, the 4 hrs in 10 mM sodium azide, and the 2 hrs in 10 mM NMU, in the three chemical mutagens treatments. Chemical mutagens had no influence on shoot growth, while root growth was increased, especially as the incubation time was extended. The highest root growth occurred in the NMU treatment at 6 hrs incubation time. The plant height was decreased as the increase of incubation time in the chemical mutagens treatments. Among the chemical mutagens, NMU was the most effective to induce the mutants with long-shaped or the least lobed leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.38-52
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• 1982

The effect of propylene oxide, butylene oxide, furan resin, and vinylpyrrolidinone in controlling wood dimensional stability have been examined. Wood in the green or ovendry condition was treated with various chemical treatments using a vacuum-pressure procedure, and treated specimens were tested for tangential sweelling, moisture gain, and changes in sorption hysteresis. Results' indicate that propylene oxide, and butylene oxide enhanced with the crosslin king agent trimethylol propane trimethacrylate and applied to ovendry wood were the most efficient chemical treatments in controlling tangential sweeling caused by liquid water or water vapor, and in reducing water vapor adsorption. The sorption behavior of treated wood as depicted by the ratios of sorption was "very favorable" in most instances. In the particular case of furan resin treatments, ratios of sorption were improved from 25 to 100 percent as compared to those of untreated wood.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2012

과수원에서 화학비료 대체 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 5년 동안 SCB 액비 사용했을 때 배나무 잎의 무기성분 함량, 과실 특성 및 수량, 토양 화학성에 미치는 영향은 다음과 같다. SCB 액비와 화학비료 시용에 따른 배나무 잎의 무기 성분함량은 처리 간에 차이가 없었다. 과실 특성 중 과중, 산도와 수량은 처리 간에 유의성이 없으나 질소 기준으로 SCB 액비를 처리했을 때 과중이 큰 경향을 보였고 당도는 액비 처리구가 화학비료 처리구보다 높았다. SCB 액비 시용에 따른 토양 화학성 변화는 화학비료 처리에 비하여 pH가 높았으나 유기물, 유효인산, 치환성 양이온은 화학비료 처리와 같은 경향을 보였다. 결과를 종합하면 SCB 액비는 토양 분석에 의한 질소 기준량을 시용하여도 배나무 및 토양 화학성에 미치는 영향이 화학비료와 대등하여 화학비료 대체가 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권3호
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• pp.432-440
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• 2011

밤나무의 수고와 근원경은 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구에서 가장 많은 생장량을 나타냈으며 수관폭 생장량은 동-서방향과 남-북방향에서 각각 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구에서 우수하였다. 결과지의 총 길이와 착구부~정단부의 길이생장은 액비처리구에서 가장 우수하였으며 기부~착구부의 길이는 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구에서 동일하게 가장 길게 생장하였다. 결과지의 기부직경과 착구부의 상하부직경은 모두 액비처리구에서 가장 두껍게 생장하였다. 본 연구의 5개의 생장지수(결과지발생지수, 길이생장지수, 착구부상하직경비율, 직경생장지수, 굵기지수)에서 길이생장지수만이 액비처리구에서 가장 높고 나머지 모든 지수는 화학비료처리구에서 가장 높았다. 결과모지당 가지발생수와 소약지 개수는 무처리구와 액비처리구에서 많았으며 처리간 유사한 경향을 보였다. 결과모지당 결과지수는 화학비료처리구와 유기질비료처리구에서 많았으며, 결과지당 착구수는 유기질비료처리구와 액비처리구에서 많았다. 과실의 중량과 수량을 기준으로 한 상품화 비율은 무처리구(87.5%)와 화학비료처리구(84.6%)에서 높았으나 액비처리구의 상품화 비율은 각각 84.3%와 82.7%로 평균 수준이었다. 평균입중과 총착구수는 각각 액비처리구와 화학비료처리구로 가장 우수하였다. 함과수는 처리 간 차이는 없었으며 본당수확량은 화학비료처리구(8.2 kg)와 액비처리구(8.0 kg)에서 다수확성을 보였으나 처리간 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 과실의 중량과 수량을 기준으로 등급을 구분한 결과, 액비처리구에서 대립 이상의 비율이 각각 43.5%와 34.3%로 가장 높아 액비처리에서 고부가가치의 고품질 밤이 가장 많이 생산되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.558-562
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• 2014

Cover cropping and liquid manure application are considered as effective ways to replace the use of chemical fertilizer in orchard. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cover crop species and liquid manure application rate on green manure production, leaf mineral content, fruit quality and soil chemical properties in pear orchard. The treatments include rye and hairy vetch as cover crops, two liquid manure application levels based on N and $K_2O$ requirement on each cover crop species, and chemical fertilizer as control. Green manure production was higher in hairy vetch than in rye. K content of pear leaves and soil exchangeable K content increased in N based liquid manure application treatments. The yield was higher in rye + liquid manure and fertilizer treatments, and fruit quality was not different between the treatments. Taking all of these into account, rye + $K_2O$ requirement-based liquid manure application is recommended in pear orchard for not only sufficient nutrient supply but also prevention of any problem related with soil $K_2O$ accumulation in pear orchard in long-term perspective.