• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.104-107
• /
• 2013

Gallbladder (GB) cancer is highly malignant neoplasm found in advanced stage and chemotherapy commonly plays a palliative role in GB cancer. We report a case of unresectable GB cancer treated with chemotherapy followed by extended cholecystectomy. Fifty-six-year-old male visited our hospital with weight loss and dyspnea on exertion. Computed tomography detected pulmonary embolism and diffuse GB wall thickening with para-aortic lymph node enlargement. The length of common channel was 23mm at magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography which stands for anomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary duct. Anticoagulation was started for pulmonary embolism. GB wall mass was regarded as unresectable GB cancer with distant lymph node metastasis. Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy was carried out for 6 cycles. Primary tumor was stationary but multiple enlarged lymphnodes were almost completely disappeared. Extended cholecystectomy with hepaticojejunostomy was performed. Post-operative tumor stage was T3N1 (stage IIIB) and R0 resection was achieved. After operation he has no evidence of disease recurrence for 6 months.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 1994

The ray paths and travel times of sound wave in the ocean depend on the physical properties of the propagating media. Ocean Acoustic Tomography(OAT), which is inversely estimate the travel time variations between fixed sources and receivers the physical properties of the corresponding media can he understood. To apply ocean survey technology by using the OAT, the tomographic procedure requires forward problem that variation of the travel times be identified with the variability of the medium. Also, received signals must be satisfied the necessary conditions of ray path stability, identification and resolution in order for OAT to work. The canonical ocean has been determined based on the historical data and its travel time and ray path are used as reference values. The sound speed of canonical ocean in the East Sea is about 1523 m/s at the surface and 1458 m/s at the sound channel axis(400m). Sound speeds in the East Sea are perturbed by warm eddy whose horizontal extension is more than 100 km with deeper than 200 m in depth scale. In this study, an acoustic source and receiver are placed at the depth above the sound channel axis, 350 m, and are separated by 200 km range. Ray paths are identified by the ray theory methed in a range dependent medium whose sound speeds are functions of a range and depth. The eigenray information obtained from interpolation between the rays bracketing the receiver are used to simulate the received signal by convolution of source signal with the eigenray informations. The source signal is taken as a 400 Hz rectangular pulse signal, bandwidth is 16 Hz and pulse length is 64 ms. According to the analysis of the received signal and identified ray path by using numerical model of underwater sound propagation, simulated signals satisfy the necessary conditions of OAT, applied in the East Sea.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2011

Design and Implementation of Clipcast Service via Terrestrial DMB This paper outlines the system design and the implementation process of clipcast service that can send clips of video, mp3, text, images, etc. to terrestrial DMB terminals. To provide clipcast service in terrestrial DMB, a separate data channel needs to be allocated and this requires changes in the existing bandwidth allocation. Clipcast contents can be sent after midnight at around 3 to 4 AM, when terrestrial DMB viewship is low. If the video service bit rate is lowered to 352 Kbps and the TPEG service band is fully used, then 320 Kbps bit rate can be allocated to clipcast. To enable clipcast service, the terminals' DMB program must be executed, and this can be done through SMS and EPG. Clipcast service applies MOT protocol to transmit multimedia objects, and transmits twice in carousel format for stable transmission of files. Therefore, 72Mbyte data can be transmitted in one hour, which corresponds to about 20 minutes of full motion video service at 500Kbps data rate. When running the clip transmitted through terrestrial DMB data channel, information regarding the length of each clip is received through communication with the CMS(Content Management Server), then error-free files are displayed. The clips can be provided to the users as preview contents of the complete VOD contents. In order to use the complete content, the user needs to access the URL allocated for that specific content and download the content by completing a billing process. This paper suggests the design and implementation of terrestrial DMB system to provide clipcast service, which enables file download services as provided in MediaFLO, DVB-H, and the other mobile broadcasting systems. Unlike the other mobile broadcasting systems, the proposed system applies more reliable SMS method to activate the DMB terminals for highly stable clipcast service. This allows hybrid, i.e, both SMS and EPG activations of terminals for clipcast services.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.349-354
• /
• 2004

Stress-susceptible pigs have been known as the porcine stress syndrome (PSS), swine PSS, also known as malignant hyperthermia (MH), is characterized as sudden death and production of poor meat quality such as PSE (pale, soft and exudative) meat after slaughtering. PSS and PSE meat cause major economic losses in the pig industry. A point mutation in the gene coding for the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in porcine skeletal muscle, also known calcium (Ca$^{2+}$) release channel, has been associated with swine PSS and halothane sensitivity. We used the PCR-RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism) and PCR-SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) methods to detect the PSS gene mutation (C1843T) in the RYR1 gene and to estimate genotype frequencies of PSS gene in Korean pig breed populations. In PCR-RFLP and SSCP analyses, three genotypes of homozygous normal (N/M), heterozygous carrier (N/n) and homozygous recessive mutant (n/n) were detected using agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. The proportions of normal, carrier and PSS pigs were 57.1, 35.7 and 7.1％ for Landrace, 82.5, 15.8 and 1.7％ far L. Yorkshire, 95.2, 4.8 and 0.0％ for Duroc and 72.0, 22.7 and 5.3％ for Crossbreed. Consequently, DNA-based diagnosis for the identification of stress-susceptible pigs of PSS and pigs producing PSE meat is a powerful technique. Especially, PCR-SSCP method may be useful as a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive test for the large-scale screening of PSS genotypes and pigs with PSE meat in the pork industry.y.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.46-55
• /
• 2016

This work proposes a 13b 100MS/s 45nm CMOS ADC with a high dynamic performance for IF-domain high-speed signal processing systems based on a four-step pipeline architecture to optimize operating specifications. The SHA employs a wideband high-speed sampling network properly to process high-frequency input signals exceeding a sampling frequency. The SHA and MDACs adopt a two-stage amplifier with a gain-boosting technique to obtain the required high DC gain and the wide signal-swing range, while the amplifier and bias circuits use the same unit-size devices repeatedly to minimize device mismatch. Furthermore, a separate analog power supply voltage for on-chip current and voltage references minimizes performance degradation caused by the undesired noise and interference from adjacent functional blocks during high-speed operation. The proposed ADC occupies an active die area of $0.70mm^2$, based on various process-insensitive layout techniques to minimize the physical process imperfection effects. The prototype ADC in a 45nm CMOS demonstrates a measured DNL and INL within 0.77LSB and 1.57LSB, with a maximum SNDR and SFDR of 64.2dB and 78.4dB at 100MS/s, respectively. The ADC is implemented with long-channel devices rather than minimum channel-length devices available in this CMOS technology to process a wide input range of $2.0V_{PP}$ for the required system and to obtain a high dynamic performance at IF-domain input signal bands. The ADC consumes 425.0mW with a single analog voltage of 2.5V and two digital voltages of 2.5V and 1.1V.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.3225-3262
• /
• 1974

The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are $14.5^{\circ}C$ and $13.1^{\circ}C$, respercively, during the irrigation period of paddy rice (From the middle of June to the end of September). In the former the temperature rises continuously from $12.3^{\circ}C$ to 16.4$^{\circ}C$ and in the latter from $12.4^{\circ}C$ to $13.8^{\circ}C$ during the same period. These temperatures are approximately the same value as the estimated temperatures. The temperature difference between the ground water and the surface water is approximately $11^{\circ}C$. 2. The results obtained from the analysis of the water quality of the "Seoho" reservoir and that of water from the tube well show that the pH values of the ground water and the surface water are 6.35 and 6.00, respectively, and inorganic components such as N, PO4, Na, Cl, SiO2 and Ca are contained more in the ground water than in the surface water while K, SO4, Fe and Mg are contained less in the ground water. 3. The response of growth, yield and yield components of paddy rice to ground water irrigation are as follows; (l) Using ground water irrigation during the watered rice nursery period(seeding date: 30 April, 1970), the chracteristics of a young rice plant, such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers are inferior to those of young rice plants irrigated with surface water during the same period. (2) In cases where ground water and surface water are supplied separately by the gravity flow method, it is found that ground water irrigation to the rice plant delays the stage at which there is a maximum increase in the number of tillers by 6 days. (3) At the tillering stage of rice plant just after transplanting, the effect of ground water irrigation on the increase in the number of tillers is better, compared with the method of supplying surface water throughout the whole irrigation period. Conversely, the number of tillers is decreased by ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. Plant height is extremely restrained by ground water irrigation. (4) Heading date is clearly delayed by the ground water irrigation when it is practised during the growth stages or at the reproductive stage only. (5) The heading date of rice plants is slightly delayed by irrigation with the gravity flow method as compared with the standing water method. (6) The response of yield and of yield components of rice to ground water irrigation are as follows: \circled1 When ground water irrigation is practised during the growth stages and the reproductive stage, the culm length of the rice plant is reduced by 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively, when compared with the surface water irrigation used throughout all the growth stages. \circled2 Panicle length is found to be the longest on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised at the tillering stage. A similar tendency as that seen in the culm length is observed on other test plots. \circled3 The number of panicles is found to be the least on the plot in which ground water irrigation is practised by the gravity flow method throughout all the growth stages of the rice plant. No significant difference is found between the other plots. \circled4 The number of spikelets per panicle at the various stages of rice growth at which_ surface or ground water is supplied by gravity flow method are as follows; surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥ 98.5. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥62.2 Ground water at the tillering stage‥‥‥‥‥ 82.6. Ground water at the reproductive stage ‥‥‥‥‥ 74.1. \circled5 Ripening percentage is about 70 percent on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised during all the growth stages and at the tillering stage only. However, when ground water irrigation is practised, at the reproductive stage, the ripening percentage is reduced to 50 percent. This means that 20 percent reduction in the ripening percentage by using ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. \circled6 The weight of 1,000 kernels is found to show a similar tendency as in the case of ripening percentage i. e. the ground water irrigation during all the growth stages and at the reproductive stage results in a decreased weight of the 1,000 kernels. \circled7 The yield of brown rice from the various treatments are as follows; Gravity flow; Surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥514kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥428kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥430kg/10a. Standing water; Surface water at all growh stages‥‥‥‥‥‥556kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥441kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥450kg/10a. The above figures show that ground water irrigation by the gravity flow and by the standing water method during all the growth stages resulted in an 18 percent and a 21 percent decrease in the yield of brown rice, respectively, when compared with surface water irrigation. Also ground water irrigation by gravity flow and by standing water resulted in respective decreases in yield of 16 percent and 19 percent, compared with the surface irrigation method. 4. Results obtained from the experiments on the improvement of ground water irrigation efficiency to paddy rice are as follows; (1) When the standing water irrigation with surface water is practised, the daily average water temperature in a paddy field is 25.2$^{\circ}C$, but, when the gravity flow method is practised with the same irrigation water, the daily average water temperature is 24.5$^{\circ}C$. This means that the former is 0.7$^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. On the other hand, when ground water is used, the daily water temperatures in a paddy field are respectively 21.$0^{\circ}C$ and 19.3$^{\circ}C$ by practising standing water and the gravity flow method. It can be seen that the former is approximately 1.$0^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. (2) When the non-water-logged cultivation is practised, the yield of brown rice is 516.3kg/10a, while the yield of brown rice from ground water irrigation plot throughout the whole irrigation period and surface water irrigation plot are 446.3kg/10a and 556.4kg/10a, respectivelely. This means that there is no significant difference in yields between surface water irrigation practice and non-water-logged cultivation, and also means that non-water-logged cultivation results in a 12.6 percent increase in yield compared with the yield from the ground water irrigation plot. (3) The black and white coloring on the inside surface of the water warming ponds has no substantial effect on the temperature of the water. The average daily water temperatures of the various water warming ponds, having different depths, are expressed as Y=aX+b, while the daily average water temperatures at various depths in a water warming pond are expressed as Y=a(b)x (where Y: the daily average water temperature, a,b: constants depending on the type of water warming pond, X; water depth). As the depth of water warning pond is increased, the diurnal difference of the highest and the lowest water temperature is decreased, and also, the time at which the highest water temperature occurs, is delayed. (4) The degree of warming by using a polyethylene tube, 100m in length and 10cm in diameter, is 4~9$^{\circ}C$. Heat exchange rate of a polyethylene tube is 1.5 times higher than that or a water warming channel. The following equation expresses the water warming mechanism of a polyethylene tube where distance from the tube inlet, time in day and several climatic factors are given: {{{{ theta omega (dwt)= { a}_{0 } (1-e- { x} over { PHI v })+ { 2} atop { SUM from { { n}=1} { { a}_{n } } over { SQRT { 1+ {( n omega PHI) }^{2 } } } } LEFT { sin(n omega t+ { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI )-e- { x} over { PHI v }sin(n omega LEFT ( t- { x} over {v } RIGHT ) + { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI ) RIGHT } +e- { x} over { PHI v } theta i}}}}{{{{ { theta }_{$\infty$ }(t)= { { alpha theta }_{a }+ { theta }_{ w'} +(S- { B}_{s } ) { U}_{w } } over { beta } , PHI = { { cpDU}_{ omega } } over {4 beta } }}}} where $\theta$$\omega$; discharged water temperature($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$a; air temperature ($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$$\omega$';ponded water temperature($^{\circ}C$) s ; net solar radiation(ly/min) t ; time(tadian) x; tube length(cm) D; diameter(cm) ao,an,bn;constants determined from $\theta$$\omega$(t) varitation. cp; heat capacity of water(cal/$^{\circ}C$ ㎥) U,Ua; overall heat transfer coefficient(cal/$^{\circ}C$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ min-1) $\omega$;1 velocity of water in a polyethylene tube(cm/min) Bs ; heat exchange rate between water and soil(ly/min)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 1990

The authors carried out an experiment to investigate the responsive behavior of sea eel, Astroconger myriaster(BREVOORT) to chemical stimuli. The experimental tank was made in doughnut type by using FRP plates. The channel of tank was divided into three concentric troughs by using perforated plastic plates. The inside trough was used as influent part, the outside one as effluent part, and the middle one as the testing trough in which testing fish may be swimmable. The influent part was radially portioned into 12 sections so as to be 30 degrees of central angle. But a basin of any section in testing trough was diverged in the range of 45 degrees of central angle. The the testing trough are radially divided into eight zones. Water is supplied at the rate of 6.3l per minute from the central water tank set as high as 50cm in the center of doughnut, passed across the influent part, testing trough, effluent part and finally discharged by overflow pipes. The chemical substance to stimulate the sea eel was extracted from mackerel, shad and krill which are used as bait for fishing. The chemical substance was injected into any one of 12 hoses which supplies water from central water tank to the influent part at the rate of 2ml per minute. Sea eels used for the experiment were caught by pot in the coast of Chung-mu and accustomed to the tanks for 5 days before applying them to the experiment. The result obtained are as follows: 1. The rate of time length of sea eel's staying in the stimulated zone, as the extracts of mackerel, shad and krill were given to it, was observed as 7.9%, 30.9% and 11.4% respectively. It means that the extract from shad was the most effective of three in attracting sea eel. 2. To compare the effect of freshness of bait fish, the extracts were prepared from shad just killed, form the 24 hour-lapsed one and from the 48 hour-lasped one after killed. The rate of time length of sea eel's staying in the stimulated zone was 30.9%, 17.1% and 11.3% respectively. It means that the freshness is much effective in attracting olfactory fishes like sea eel.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.69-80
• /
• 1998

This research was designed to investigate how the exercise program affects paraplegic standing and walking employing functional electrical stimulation(FES). Emphasis was also given to fatigue of major lower extremity muscles induced by different types of electrical stimulation. We applied continuous and intermittent rectangular pulse trains to quadriceps of 10 normal subjects and 4 complete paraplegic patients. The frequencies were 20Hz and 80Hz, and the knee angle was fixed at 90$^{\circ}$and 150$^{\circ}$to investigate how muscle fatigue is related to muscle length. The knee extensor torque was measured and monitored. We have been training quadriceps and gastrocnemius of a male paraplegic patient by means of electrical stimulation for the past two year. FES standing was initiated when the knee extensors became strong enough to support the body weight, and then the patient started FES walking utilizing parallel bars and a walker. We used an 8-channel constant-voltage stimulator and surface electrodes. The experimental results indicated that paralyzed muscles fatigued rapidly around the optimal length contrary to normal muscles and confirmed that low frequency and intermittent stimulation delayed fatigue. Our exercise program increased muscle force by approximately 10 folds and decreased the fatigue index to half of the initial value. In addition, the exercise enabled the patient to voluntarily lift each leg up to 10cm, which was of great help to the swing phase of FES walking. Both muscle force and resistance to fatigue were significantly enhanced right after the exercise was applied every day instead of 6 days a week. Up to date, the patient can walk for more than two and half minutes at 10m/min while controlling the on/off time of the stimulator by pushing the toggle switch attached to the walker handle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 1999

A simple experimental method was used in an attempt to realize the elevation of the fishing ability of purse seine in the sea area of Cheju Island, the changes of seine volume and tension in the purseline during pursing. Experiments carried out on the six types simplified reduced model seines which were made of knotless nettings. The nettings were woven in different leg length 4.3, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.6 and 7.7mm of polyester 28 tex two threads two-ply twine, and each of the seines were named I, II, III, IV, V and Ⅵ seine. Dimension of seine models were 450cm for corkline and 85cmfor seine depth, each seines rigged up 160g of float for a floatline and 50g (underwater weight) of lead for a leadline. These model purse seines were made of the scale of 1/200 of its full scale, a 120 ton in the near sea of Cheju Island. Designing and testing for the model purse seines were based on the Tauti's law. Experiments were measured in the observation channel of a flume tank at the static conditions set up shooting and pursing equipments. Motion of purse seine during purse line was recorded by the two sets video camera for VTR which were placed in top and front of the model seine. The reading coordinate of seine volume carried out by the video digitization system, disk data for the purseline tension. An analysis were performed on the changes seine volume and tension in the purseline during pursing. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The seine volume during pursing was largest for Ⅵ seine with smallest d/l followed by V, IV, III, II and I seines, and tension in the purseline was small. 2. Seine volume during pursing can be expressed by the following equation; CVt=l-EXP[｛2.79 (d/l）＋0.35｝t-33.37 (d/l) ＋ 0.57] Where CVt is volume ratio, d is twine diameter, l is leg length and t is pursing time (sec). 3. Tension in the purse line during pursing can be expressed by the following equation; T= 1- EXP ｛0.57t ＋ 13.36 (d/l)+2.97｝ Where T is tension (kg) in the purseline during pursing.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.133-141
• /
• 1990

For the purpose of evaluating nutrient loadings into rivers and lakes from agricultural land, especially from paddy fields and also nutrient degradation in drainage channels, the Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(TKN) and the Total Phosphorus(TP) were investigated in 29.5 ha. paddy fields in Hwa-Sung, Kyong-Ki, Korea, during the period from May 8, 1989 to Sep. 27, 1989. The results of the study can be su㎜arized as follows : 1. Annual inputs into paddy fields were 180 N-kg/ha 46 P-kg/ha. by fertilization, and 15.0 TKN-kg/ha. 10.0 TP-kg/ha. by irrigation, 8.0 TKN-kg/ha. 0.34 TP-kg/ha. by rainfall respectively. The amount of nutrient involved in surface runoff from paddies was 39.0 TKN-kg/ha. 9.2 TP-kg/ha. and in seepage 7.5 TKN-kg/ha. 2.1 TP-kg/ha. respectively 2. In WS1 stream(reach length equals 950m), nutrients decreased 0.31 TKN-mg/L/km, 0.01 TP-mg/L/km and in WS2 stream (reach length equals 750m) which are more meandering and undulating than WS1, the nutrients decreased 0.84 TKN-mg/L/km, 0.11 TP-mg/L/km. From these results, it was concluded that low stream velocity due to meandering and undulation promotes more degradation of nutrient concentrations. 3. For the purpose of decreasing nutrient loads from paddy fields, the amount of fertilizer used needs to be controlled, irrigation weirs need to be constructed in the drainage channels to delay the transportation of nutrients by decelerating the stream velocity and plants such as plantain-lily need to be cultivated in the channel to consume nutrients and therefore enlarge chances of self-purification.