• 한국어병학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2011

Transcriptional response patterns of mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis; Cypriniformes) hepcidin, a potential ortholog to human hamp1, in response to experimental challenges with non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacterial species were analyzed based on the semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay. Mud loach hepcidin transcripts were much more preferentially induced by pathogenic bacterial species (Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum) causing apparent pathological symptoms than by non-pathogenic species (Escherichia coli and Bacillus thuringiensis) displaying neither clinical signs nor mortality. However in overall, the induced amounts of hepcidin transcripts were positively related with the number of bacterial cells delivered in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial species. Inducibility of hepcidin transcripts were variable among three tissues examined (liver, kidney and spleen) in which kidney and spleen were more responsive to the bacterial challenge than liver. Time course expression patterns of hepcidin mRNAs after challenge were different between groups challenged with pathogenic and non-pathogenic species, although the overall pattern of hepcidin expression was in accordance with that generally observed in battery genes appeared during early phase of inflammation. Fish challenged with E. coli (non-pathogenic) showed the significant induction of hepcidin transcripts within 24 hr post injection (hpi) but the level was rapidly declined to the basal level either at 48 or 96 hpi. On the other hand, hepcidin transcript levels in E. tarda (pathogenic)-challenged fish were continuously elevated until 48 hpi, then downregulated at 96 hpi, although the level at 96 hpi was still significantly higher than control level observed in non-challenged fish. This expression pattern was consistent in all the three tissues examined. Taken together, our data indicate that hepcidin is tightly in relation with pathological and/or inflammation status during bacterial challenge, consequently providing useful basis to extend knowledge on the host defensive roles of hepcidin under infectious conditions in bony fish.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2012

아이코사노이드는 곤충의 다양한 세포성 면역 반응을 중개한다. 본 연구는 면역반응에 따라 혈구세포 밀도 변화에 대한 아이코사노이드의 새로운 중개 기능을 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 5령충은 세균 감염에 따라 2 시간이 지나면 총혈구수의 현격한 증가를 보였다. 이 총혈구수 증가는 주로 부정형혈구와 소구형혈구 밀도의 증가로 해석되었다. 파밤나방 유충에 phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$) 억제자인 dexamethasone을 처리하면 세균 처리에 의한 총혈구수 변화가 일어나지 않았다. 하지만 dexamethasone을 처리한 유충에 $PLA_2$의 촉매산물인 arachidonic acid를 첨가하면 총혈구수 증가가 회복되었다. 이러한 혈구 밀도 변화에 원인으로서 아이코사노이드 종류를 추적하기 위해 cyclooxygenase (COX)의 억제자인 naproxene을 처리한 결과 총혈구수 증가가 억제되고, lipoxygenase (LOX)의 억제자인 esculetin을 처리하면 총혈구수 증가가 유지되어 COX 산물이 세균 침입에 따른 총혈구수 증가에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. COX의 생산물인 prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$)를 세균 없이 단독으로 처리할 때도 총혈구수의 뚜렷한 증가를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 파밤나방의 세포성 면역반응 과정에서 총혈구수 증가를 중개하는 아이코사노이드의 새로운 기능을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2007

The humoral immune response of chicken vaccinated with fowl and pigeon pox virus vaccines was determined with the protective potentiality of the two vaccines in field condition of Bangladesh. Different aged Fayoumi chicks were subjected for the study. To assess the relationship with better immune response among experimental groups, the average percentage of 'take reaction' was examined and recorded to 97.77% in group A, 93.33% in group B and 100.0% in group C. The level of immune status induced by different vaccinated group was measured by passive hemagglutination (PHA) microplate test method. The mean PHA titer levels after primary vaccination were $33.06{\pm}14.13$ in group A, $32.0{\pm}14.81$ in group B, and $33.0{\pm}13.66$ in group C. Following booster vaccination, the mean PHA titer levels in prior of challenge were increased to $55.46{\pm}14.64$ in groups A and C, and $46.93{\pm}16.52$ in group B. The recorded PHA titer levels of each group at two weeks after challenge were significantly increased to $106.66{\pm}31.22$, $93.86{\pm}33.04$ and $110.93{\pm}29.29$, respectively. The PHA titer levels after vaccination and challenge were significantly increased compared to pre-vaccination titer levels (P<0.01). Although the PHA titer levels among three groups administrated different vaccine combinations in prior of challenge were significantly varied (P<0.01), it was observed that all of the vaccinated chicks were highly protected against challenge infection.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.18.1-18.10
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• 2016

In this study, to clarify the function of $PoPLC-{\beta}1$, in response to stress challenge, we examined the $PoPLC-{\beta}1$ expression pattern in response to external stress (pathogen-associated molecular pathogen challenge and environmental challenge including temperature and salinity). $PoPLC-{\beta}1$ expression analysis of tissue from olive flounder showed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) was predominantly expressed in the brain, heart, eye, liver, spleen, and stomach. We also tested the mRNA expression of the $PoPLC-{\beta}1$ in the spleen and kidney of olive flounder by RT-PCR and real-time PCR following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (ConA), or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) and compared with the inflammatory cytokines IL-1b and IL-6 in the stimulated flounder tissues. Each of the spleen and kidney and mRNA transcripts of $PoPLC-{\beta}1$ were increased 30- and 10-fold than normal tissue at 1-6 h post injection (HPI) with PolyI:C when the expression of $PoPLC-{\beta}1$ transcript was similar to LPS and ConA. We also tested the expression of $PoPLC-{\beta}1$ in response to temperature and salinity stress. The expression of $PoPLC-{\beta}1$ also was affected by temperature and salinity stress. Our results provide clear evidence that the olive flounder $PLC-{\beta}1$ signal pathways may play a critical role in immune function at the cellular level and in inflammation reactions. In addition, $PLC-{\beta}1$ appears to act as an oxidative-stress suppressor to prevent cell damage in fish.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

Our previous study showed that switching the inhaled gas from hypoxic gas to hyperoxic gas for 10 minutes increased tumor oxygenation and that the magnitude of oxyhemoglobin increase responded earlier than tumor volume change after chemotherapy. During 10 minutes of inhaled-oxygen modulation, oxyhemoglobin concentration first shows a rapid increase and then a slow but gradual increase, which has been fitted with a double-exponential equation in this study. Two amplitude values, amplitudes 1 and 2, respectively represent the magnitudes of rapid and slow increase of oxyhemoglobin. The trends of changes in amplitudes 1 and 2 were different, depending on tumor volume when chemotherapy started. However, both amplitudes 1 and 2 changed earlier than tumor volume, regardless of when chemotherapy was initiated. These results imply that by observing amplitude 1 changes post chemotherapy, we can reduce the time of a respiratory challenge from 10 minutes to less than 2 minutes, to see the chemotherapy response. We believe that by reducing the time of the respiratory challenge, we have taken a step forward to translating our previous study into clinical application.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2011

Objectives : Though a proportion of Alzheimer's disease(AD) patients treated with donepezil have shown positive response on cognition, but the responders' characteristics are still uncertain. This study attempts to identify whether a single oral dose of donepezil(5mg) can change cognition and the relationship between single dose responder items and long-term responder are examined. Methods : Twenty-three AD patients for single donepezil challenge study group and eleven AD patients for controls were participated in the study. Seven days after baseline study for neuropsychological test and EEG, same studies were rechecked after donepezil medication in study group. In donepezil study groups, 12 weeks after donepezil medication, neuropsychological test and EEG were rechecked. Results : After single donepezil challenge, forward digit span, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test copy, SVLT delayed recall were significantly improved, and beta spectra power in anterior, theta spectra power in posterior field were significantly decreased. According to linear regression analysis, forward digit span after single donepezil challenge was significantly positive correlated with long-term responders. Conclusions : This study suggests that single donepezil medication can significantly change cognitive functions and EEG in AD patients. Among these responsive items, forward digit span was significantly correlated with long-term responder.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 1992

Effects of squalene on cellular and non-specific immune responses and antitumor activity in mice were investigated. Cellular and non-specific immunological assay parameters adopted in the present study were delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and resette forming cells (RFC) for cellular immunity, activities of natural killer (NK) cells and phagocyte for non-specific immunity. Squalene resulted in marked increases of cellular and non-specific immune functions and enhancement of host resistance to tumor challenge in dose-dependent manner.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 1992

Pretreatment with low concentration of Bleomycin and Cadmium rendered Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells more resistant to the induction of chromosome aberration by subsequent high concentration of same agent, however Mitomycin C did not function in that way. The cells pre-exposed to low dose of Cadmitim did not show cross-resistance to challenge dose of Mitomycin C for the induction of chromosome aberration, but cells pre-exposed to Bleomycin showed cross resistance. And the cells pre-exposed to low dose of Mitomycin C showed cross resistance to challenge of Bleomycin, but Cadmium did not.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.818-827
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• 2016

This study hypothesized that dietary feed additive containing probiotics alter either immune-related serum substances or serum metabolites in Hanwoo heifers. A probiotic treatment was given at 0.5% top-dressing of concentrate diet for 6 months. The change of immunological indicators in the blood was analyzed under LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) challenge. One day before administration of LPS, all heifers were fitted with an indwelling jugular vein catheter for serial blood collections. Both a serum tube and an EDTA-coated tube were collected at 30-min intervals from - 2 to 8 hours relative to the LPS challenge at time 0 ($1{\mu}g/kg$ of BW). Serum was used for analyzing albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), triglycerides (TG), phosphorus (IP), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Plasma was used for analyzing white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), platelet (PLT) and inflammation-related factors (NE, LY, MO, EO, BA, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, MPV). There were significant differences in ALB, GLU, TG, IP, and NEFA concentration with the passage of hours post challenge (p < 0.05). The level of ALB, GLU, TG, and IP showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between treatments. However, none of the data showed interaction between time and treatments (p > 0.05). The level of WBC, EO, LY, and MO were reduced after LPS challenge (p > 0.05). In conclusion, LPS challenge after dietary supplementation of probiotics changed the levels of both serum metabolites and inflammation-related factors. The increase of GLU and TG indicated a probiotics-positive response under LPS challenge (p < 0.05).

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제8C권4호
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• pp.373-378
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• 2001

사용자 고유번호와 패스워드 기반의 사용자 인증 메커니즘을 수행하는 네트워크 시스템 환경에서는 스니퍼 프로그램 등을 이용하여 불법 도청함으로써 쉽게 사용자 패스워드를 알아낼 수 있다. 이러한 불법적인 도청에 의한 패스워드 노출 문제를 해결하는 방법으로 일회용 패스워드, challenge-response 인증 방식이 유용하게 사용되며, 클라이언트/서버 환경에서는 별도 동기가 필요 없는 시간을 이용한 일회용 패스워드 방식이 특히 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 그러나 시간을 이용한 일회용 패스워드 방식에서는 시간편차에 의한 인증 실패가 발생할 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 시간편차에 의한 인증이 실패할 가능이 있는 기간을 표시하는 1-비트 정보를 이용하여, 시간편차에 의한 실패가 발생하지 않는 효율적인 일회용 패스워드 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 기존의 시간을 이용한 일회용 패스워드 시스템에 프로토콜의 변경 없이 쉽게 구현이 가능하다.