• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2002

The folding chairs are one of the most necessary furniture for satisfying the moderns' wants which is utilized for limited space rationally. These folding chairs are variously used in interior spaces such as offices, dining areas, and resting areas. They are very easy to move around, so that quiet useful in out door areas, too. Moreover, they play an important role in public spaces as supplementary furniture. The folding chairs have one or several axes, and they are classified according to type of axes like below. 1. Method of divide seating board into 2 and fold, 2. Method of folds seating board and lay on bottom of backboard, 3. Method of fold back board and lay on top of seating board, 4. Method of fold into contact with left and right, 5. Method of gathering legs into one and fold. The folding chairs have to be easy to operate, firm and safe, light for moving around easily, designed for able to change units whenever they have damaged. Change of residential spaces according to the trend towards the nuclear family maximized necessity of limited spaces' use. Therefore, this study provides insights for development of new methods' of folding chairs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.305-315
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the difference in gender of top executives and corporate investment. In addition, this study also extends to how the sensitivity of investment to cash flow varies with the gender of leaders. Finally, the effect of the gender of leaders on firm investment is also tested across firm types (state firms vs. private firms and high-growth firms vs. low-growth firms). Based on the dataset of Vietnamese listed firms over 2007-2017, the fixed-effect model is used to test the hypotheses. The results show that women as chairs of the board tend to lower corporate investment, whereas the gender of CEOs (Chief Executive Officers) does not influence the investment level. Moreover, top female executives are associated with a decrease in the sensitivity of investment to cash flow. These regression results also show that top female executives only have an impact on the rate of investment in private and low-growth firms. The findings of this study are useful for the board of directors in selecting a chairperson in line with the firm's strategies. Furthermore, the findings of this study are also meaningful for policymakers who should monitor the separate role of the CEO and chair of the board in a company.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.528-535
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• 1998

This study was conducted to provide some basic information for promoting efficiency in university food services. Subjects were 309 students of A, B and C university. The survey was done by questionaires, and the data were analyzed by SAS program. The quantity and nutritional values of food was evaluated as appropriate but temperature and freshness of food, use of seasonal food, variety of menu were indicated as unsatisfactory. Male students marked lower points on the price but female students gave lower scores for variety of menu and use of seasonl food. Employee hygiene fast service and neatness and kindness of workers were evaluated as appropriate but food sanitation and cleanness of dishes were indicated as unsatisfactory. A and B university students scored low marks on food sanitation. Female students scored higher marks on the employee's neatness. Arrangement of tables and chairs, location of returning utensils, location of counter use of menu board and ventilation facilities were scored as average but interior decoration and heating facilities were scored as low level. Students of a school scored low mark on the arrangement of tables, location of counter, heating facilities and interior decoration but students of B school scored low mark on the use of menu board. Calmness and comfortableness of dining hall was unsatisfactory but location of dining hall, serving time and waiting time were evaluated as appropriate. In conclusion improvements for temperature and freshness of food, use of seasonal food, variety of menu, food sanitation, cleanness of dishes, interior decoration, heating facility and resting area were indicated as necessary.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to develop a practical and ideal model of science laboratory enrolled 48-60 students by studying optimal facilities such as laboratory tables and chairs proper to elementary school settings. The science laboratory model was figured out in terms of the following six procedures; (1) Current status as well as problems of science laboratory and its facilities was identified by means of the questionnaires conducted to 201 elementary schools, using stratified cluster sampling tehnique, under the consideration of the school size and the regional characteristics across the country. (2) Collected were the anthropometric data with respect to sitting height, popliteal height, buttock popliteal length, elbow rest height, and back width from the 747 students, 4th-6th grade, in Seoul area. (3) It was measured the work apace necessary for individual student to perform his experiment. (4) Using the data of the process (2), we determined the optimal sizes of laboratory tables and chairs fitted for Korean elementary school students. (5) The optimal area of science laboratory for 48-60 students is determined in terms of the data obtained in (3) for individual work space in addition to the appropriate table size figured out by (4). (6) A practical and ideal model for a science laboratory in elementary school was designed according to the above procedures. For the optimal model of science laboratory, the results of this study can be summarized as follows: The sizes of chair and table are categorized into three groups such as small, medium, and large depending on students' physical outfit. The small size base on the 12.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 0-25th percentile ranks. The medium size base on the 50th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 26-75th percentile ranks. The large size base on the 87.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 76-100th percentile ranks. (1) Sizes of chairs: The small size is 28cm in width and 33cm in height. The medium size is 31cm in width and 36cm in height. The large size is 35cm in width and 38cm in height. (2) Sizes of laboratory tables: The small size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 65cm in height. (3) Size of science laboratory: The optimal science laboratory for 48-60 elementary school students, which can install the 12 laboratory tables, is 12m in length and 10m in width.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.294-301
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the quality assessment of performance of the university foodservice. Self administered questionnaires were collected from 305 students living in Incheon. Statistical data analysis was completed using a SPSS v. 10.0 program. The results were summarized as follows: 61.4% of male students and 48.1% of female students responded to have lunch regularly. Only 23.4% of male students and 14.1% of female students used the university foodservice daily. Reasons for the irregularity of lunch were responded as “lecture”, “eating when I want” and “appointment with friends”, etc. The quantity, temperature, nutritional value, appearance, hygiene, taste and freshness of foods and price of menus were evaluated as appropriate but using seasonal foods, number of side-dishes, etc. as unsatisfactory. Service speed, cloth hygiene, neatness and kindness of employee were evaluated as appropriate. For the facilities of foodservice, counter location, menu board and lighting facilities were evaluated as appropriate but heating facilities, disposition of tables and chairs of dining hall were as unsatisfactory. Sanitation of floors and walls of dining hall, restroom and utensils, etc. was evaluated as low.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2015

Objective: The objective of this research is to develop evaluation checklist for personal office furniture and apparatus to shape comfortable and efficient worksite for workers' welfare improvement, productivity enhancement and labor force preservation, and to identify office work environment by applying the checklist. Background: Because most office workers work using computers in a sitting posture, the ratio of office workers among total musculoskeletal disorders patients is forecast to increase. In this regard, an effort to prevent and manage such musculoskeletal disorders is required. Method: This research developed evaluation checklist for personal office furniture and apparatus by examining 25 domestic and international ergonomic literature and anthropometric data. This research carried out a fact-finding survey targeting the A Office and B Office of one public agency using the checklist. Results: Although, the checklist items on desks, chairs, computers and other goods conformed to the checklist standards, the following items did not conformed: desk height adjustment, seat board depth adjustment, lumbar support depth, foot rest, wrist rest, mouse tray, headset, speaker phone and Bluetooth. Conclusion: The evaluation checklist for personal office furniture and apparatus and fact-finding survey results are considered to be used as basic data for office work environment and workers' welfare improvement. Application: The information drawn from this research can be helpful to manufacturers' design and manufacture of ergonomic furniture and apparatus.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.27-45
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• 2008

This study examines the details and characteristics of prizewinning plans of Cho-Sun housing plan competition promoted by Daily Cho-Sun Company during Japanese colonial period. The main features of Cho-Sun housing plan competition were that the competition held with an application of popular newspaper readers and a judging committee was composed of only Korean architects, especially Park, Gil-Ryong as the president of the board of examiners. Cho-Sun housing plan competition put ideological factors for the improvement of living as like advancing to the cultured(modem) life, respecting for family life, respecting for privacy of family members and so on. First of all, the competition suggested the direction of the improvement of dwelling spaces which focused on making harmonious home life. This study found common characteristics of prizewinning plans of Cho-Sun housing plan competition as the result. First, Cho-Sun housing plan competition introduced a centralized house plan as a model of the improvement of small-sized houses. Second, architectural orders of western or Japanese style mingled with ones of korean traditional style in prizewinning plans as entrance hall, western style reception room(parlour), maid's room, bathroom for example. And a manner of seating using chairs was brought into the style of living which would be assumed in the prizewinning plans. Third, traditional way of composing dwelling spaces was maintained, receiving the characteristics of dwelling spaces of japanese style simultaneously, which central corridor was put at the heart of house for improving arrangement of rooms and flow lines. Fourth, lavatory and bathroom were placed inside of the house.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.1B
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• pp.114-124
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• 2002

In this paper, we proposed the image-based 3D ray tracing indoor propagation model using a patch scattering model for fading analysis of indoor propagation environments. An image-based 3D ray tracing technique is mainly used, which allows the rapid generation of the complex channel impulse response for any given location and polarization of transmitter and receiver. Due to the site specific nature of indoor environment, we took into account the location and the electrical properties of individual walls and objects such as windows, doors and plaster board in our propagation model. Besides, the 3D radiation beam-patterns and polarizations of arbitrary antennas were considered, and using patch scattering model we can consider the change of the polarization due to the scattering from the various indoor objects, like desks, chairs and etc. the are almost impossible to be modeled with the basic image-based ray tracing method. The model will predict the impulse response, the rms delay spread, the fading characteristics of the channel and performances of the polarization diversity schemes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.86-98
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• 1996

This study is intended to revaluate old tree, five of the shot of the Natural Monument and 66 shot trees under protection in the city at present. The study covers distribution, management of usage, investigation and research into various matters relating to the situation of old trees in Pusan. Because 60% of the old trees selected for protection is on private land, citizens have difficulty gaining access to them. Also space for growth is impinged on by various urban facilities. Some trees have problems of growth because the land is covered with cement and asphalt. As regards space for old trees, many places have been destroyed due to the lack of protection fences and the failure to establish a guidance board. Only 40% of the space has been set aside for rest. In these places the establishment of rest areas, benches and handy chairs is needed. And there are 20 holy places where people observe religious ceremonies. As for space security necessary for old trees according to trunk width, the minimum trunk width and availale area needed are more than 1:1.5, but less than 30% have the necessary space. The growth of many old trees is threatended because of the small apace for growth. The prescription of the boundary space is divided between inside and outside. This indicates the domain nature and space rank of the old tree. It can be classified into five forms for research purposes. The elements for prescription of critical space outside are connected with the security of space, and the elements relating to inside space portray the conditions for sensitive growth according to the institution and the ground conditions. The open and closed nature of old tree space has some connection with the relationship between usage and the intimacy of the user. Most of the spaces for old trees can't be used or are difficult to gain access to, so it is necessary to secure enough space for them. The 18 places, despite having easy access, are near farmland, hills or forest. So the intimacy factor is low, and the security of space of the old trees is not generally sufficient. Henceforth, it will be necessary to have security of area for old trees as well as maintenance control to protect them. Also the space should be used as a communal and recreation are in the city. It is the time to construct a landscaped area which people can easily approach, a place with a secure entrance where they can play, rest and converse.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.351-364
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• 2021

Purpose: Fire load analysis was conducted to secure basic data for evaluating fire risk of educational facilities. In order to calculate the fire load through a preliminary survey, basic data related to the fire load of school facilities were collected. Method: The basic data were the definition and types of fire loads, combustion heat data for the calculation of fire loads. The fire load was evaluated by multiplying the combustion heat by the weight of the combustibles in the compartment when calculating the fire load. Result: As for the fixed combustible materials of A-elementary school, the floor was mainly made of wood, in consideration of emotion and safety in the classroom, music room, and school office, and the rest of the compartments were made of stone. The ceiling and walls were made of gypsum board and concrete, so they were not combustible. The typical inflammable items in each room were desks, chairs, and lockers in the classroom, and the laboratory equipment box and experimental tool box were the main components in the science room, and books, bookshelves, and reading equipment occupied a large proportion in the library room. Conclusion: 'The fire loads of A-elementary' schools according to the combustibles loaded were in the order of library, computer room, English learning room, teacher's office, general classroom, science hall, and music room.