• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.168-173
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• 2020

Extranodal lymphoma presents in almost one-third of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. The gastrointestinal tract, skin, and central nervous system are common sites of involvement, whereas the urethra and cervix are very rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on concurrent extranodal involvement of the uterine cervix and urethra. We report imaging findings of malignant lymphoma involving urethra and cervix concurrently in a 79-year-old female patient with literature review. The magnetic resonance imaging showed huge intermediate to high signal intensity mass on T2 weighted images and strong homogeneous enhancement in uterine cervix and periurethral area, but no surrounding architectural disruption.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2002

Objective : This study was aiming at estimating the joint effects of various risk factors associated with uterine cervix cancer in Korea. Methods : Data obtained from a case-control study were analyzed with a multiplicative model. Results : After adjustment for age and husband's educational attainments, the family history of cervical cancer (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.9), unstable marital status due to separation, by death or divorce, etc. (OR=2.8, 95% CI=1.7-4.6), and a large number of deliveries ($\geq$3 vs. nulliparous OR=6.5, 55% CI=1.4-29.0) increased the risk of uterine cervix cancer, Conversely, first sexual intercourse at an older age ($\geq$25 years vs. <19 years OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2-0.6) and husband's circumcision (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.5-1.0) decreased the risk. In the multiplicative model, the highest joint risk (OR=39.2, 95% CI 5.9-258.9) was observed in women with a family history of uterine cervical cancer, an unstable marital status, where the ex-husband was not circumcised, with 3 or more delivery experiences, and having her first sexual intercourse when younger than 19 years of age. However, women without a family history of uterine cervix cancer, married to a circumcised husband, having had her first sexual intercourse at 25 years or older, and nulliparous, showed the lowest joint effect (OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.1-0.5). Conclusion : As carcinogenesis is a complex action involving various factors, we consider a joint effects approach to be appropriate in an epidemiological study on risk factors for uterine cervix neoplasms cervix neoplasm.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 1986

한 환자에서 두개 이상의 중복암이 발생하는 경우는 매우 드물게 알려져 왔으나 근래에 들어와 치료법의 발달로 환자의 수명이 연장되고 진단법이 발달되면서 그 보고가 증가되고 또한 관심도 높아지고 있는 상태이다. 따라서 이런 중복암을 가진 환자의 특성을 분석함으로써 발생할 수 있는 2차 3차 암의 조기 발견 및 나아가서는 발암 물질과 유전적 요인 등을 찾아 암의 치료 및 예방에 이응 할 수 있겠다. 이에 $1978.7\~1986.8$까지 8년간 서울 대학교 병원에서 중복암으로 진단되어 치료받은 121예를 대상으로 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 전체 발생율은$0.7\%$이 있으며 이중 2중복암이 119례, 3중복암이 2례 있었다. 동시성은 (6개월 이내) 51례, 속발성은 (6개월 이상) 70례이었으며 속발성의 경우 $70\%$이상에서 3년내에 2차 암이 발생했다. Moertel분류에 의한 mvlticentriz은 $11.6\%$로 다소 낮은 빈도를 보였으며 다른 장기에 발생한 중복암 중에서는 위암과 간암, 위암과 직장암의 빈도가 가장 높았다.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2008

Background : Cervicovaginal cytology is a screening test of uterine cervical cancer. The sensitivity of cervicovaginal cytology is less than 50%, but studies of cytologic/histologic correlation are limited. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of cervicovaginal cytology in the detection of the squamous epithelial lesions of the uterine cervix and investigate the cause of diagnostic discordance. Materials and Methods : We collected a total of 481 sets of cervicovaginal cytology and biopsies over 5 years. The cytologic diagnoses were categorized based on The Bethesda System and the histologic diagnoses were classified as negative, flat condyloma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, CIN II, CIN III, or squamous cell carcinoma. Cytohistologic discrepancies were reviewed. Results: The concordance rate between the cytological and the histological diagnosis was 79.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of cervicovaginal cytology were 80.6% and 92.6%, respectively. Its positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 93.7% and 77.7%, respectively. The false negative rate was 19.4%. Among 54 false negative cytology cases, they were confirmed by histology as 50 flat condylomas, 2 CIN I, 1 CIN III, and 1 squamous cell carcinoma. The causes of false negative cytology were sampling errors in 75.6% and interpretation errors in 24.4%. The false positive rate was 7.4%. Among 15 false positive cytology cases, they were confirmed by histology as 12 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and 3 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). The cause of error was interpretation error in all cases. The overall diagnostic accuracy of cervicovaginal cytology was 85.7%. Conclusions : Cervicovaginal cytology shows high overall diagnostic accuracy and is a useful primary screen of uterine cervical cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제71권5호
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• pp.363-367
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• 2011

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) of the lung is a very rare tumor. Originally described in the nasopharynx as lymphoepithelioma, this carcinoma has also been found in the stomach, esophagus, thymus, cervix, urinary bladder, skin, and salivary glands. Histologically, it is an undifferentiated carcinoma that has a syncytial appearance with tumor cells and is infiltrated by numerous lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. LELC of the lung occurs more commonly in Asians, particularly Chinese. Many studies have reported the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and LELC of the lung in Asian patients. A 45-year-old man had a solitary pulmonary nodule on a routine chest X-ray examination. As a malignant tumor was suspected, surgical resection was performed to establish the correct diagnosis. The pathology of the excised tumor demonstrated LELC of the lung. This is the first report of LELC of the lung in Korea.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.113-119
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• 1998

목적 : 자궁경부 선암종은 자궁경부 편평 세포 암종보다 림프절 전이와 국소적인 파급이 빨리 일어나고 5년 생존율이 낮으므로 임상적으로 선암종이 진단되었거나 의심될 경우에는 방바선학적 검사로 종양의 림프절 전이와 국소적인 파급을 세심하게 평가할 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 자궁경부 선암조의 자기공명영상(MRI) 소견을 분석하려 편평 세포암종과 다른 특징이 있는지 알아보는 데에 있다. 대상 및 방법 : 병리학적으로 확진된 자궁경부 선암종 환자 21명 중 MRI에서 종양이 관찰되는 18명(조직학적 병기 : Ib 10예, IIa 4예, IIb 2예, IIIa 1예, IIIb 1예)을 대상으로 그 MRI 소견을 후향적으로 분석한 후, 최근에 연속적으로 입원하여 편평 세포 암종으로 확진된 40명의 환자로 구성된 대조군과 비교하였다. 1.5T의 MRI기기로 조영 전후의 T1강조 및 급속 스핀 에코 T2 강조 영상을 축상 및 시상면에서 얻었다. MRI에 나타난 종양의 최대직경, 위치, 신호강도 및 조영증강정도, 윤곽, 형태, 상하 침범 범위, 동반 질환 유무 등을 분석하였다. 결과 : 자궁경부 선암종의 최대 직경은 0.8-4.1cm(평균 2.2cm)이었고, 이 종양이 경관내막을 따라 위치한 경우가 9예이었다. 모든 선암종의 신호 강도는 T1 강조 영상에서 주위 자궁경부 간질과 비슷하였고 급속 스핀 에코 T2 강조 영상에서는 높았다(균질성 10, 비균질성 8). 모든 선암종은 gadolinium 정맥 주입시 모두 조영 증강되었다(균질성 6, 비균질성 12 : 높은 신호강도의 고리 2). 선암종의 윤곽이 매끈한 경우가 8예이었고, 불규칙한 경우가 10예이었다. 선암종의 모든 예에서 자궁경부의 하부가 침범되었는데, 이중에서도 상부까지 침범된 경우는 6예이었다. 선암종 2예에서는 MRI상 직경 1.5cm 이상의 골반강 림프절들이 관찰되었고, 1예의 MRI에서는 림프절이 관찰되지 않았는데, 병리 검사상 모두 악성으로 판명되었다. 2예의 선암종에서 자궁 유수증이, 1예에서 자궁 유혈증이 동반되었다. 이상의 소견을 편평 세포 암종의 대조군과 비교하였을 대 선암종에서 경관내막형과 술통형이 더 많은 것이 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 결론 : 자궁경부 선암종은 편평 세포 암종에 비해 경과내막형, 술통형이 많은 MRI 소견을 보였다. MRI에서 자궁경부암의 모양이 경관내막을 따라 술통형이거나 병기가 낮은데도 주위 림프절로 파급되는 경향을 보이면, 자궁경부 선암종을 의심할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.6935-6939
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• 2015

Background: Currently, a comprehensive program for screening and early detection of cervical cancer does not exist in Iran. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and some related factors among women living in Zanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Zanjan on 4274 married women aged 20-65 years. The study participants were selected through two-stage cluster sampling. After obtaining written consent, demographic and fertility questionnaires were completed. Samples from cervix were obtained through a standard method using the Rover Cervex- Brush. Evaluation and interpretation of the samples were reported using the Bethesda 2001 method. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression models. Results: Most inflammatory changes in the samples were mild (37.4%). Abnormal atypical changes in the epithelial cells were found in 4.04%. The highest percentage of abnormal changes in the epithelial cells was atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (1.9%). Abnormal results of Pap smear was significantly and independently associated with age, papillomavirus infection, and lack of awareness about Pap smear tests. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of inflammatory and precancerous changes in this study, compared to other studies in Iran and other Muslim countries, and the effect of demographic variables and individual factors on abnormal results, increasing the awareness of women and their families regarding the risk factors for cervical cancer, preventive measures such as screening, and timely treatment seem necessary.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8149-8153
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• 2016

An oncopathological state assessment was conducted among adults, children and teenagers in Aktobe region for 2004-2013. Overall the burden of mortality was in the range of 94.8-100.2 per 100,000 population, without any obvious trend over time. Ranking by pathology, the highest incidences among women were registered for breast cancer (5.8-8.4), cervix uteri (2.9-4.6), ovary (2.4-3.6) and corpus uteri, stomach, esophagus, without any marked change over time except for a slight rise in cervical cancer rates. In males, the first place in rank was trachea, bronchus and lung, followed by stomach and esophagus, which are followed by bladder, lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues pathology. Agian no clear trends were apparent over time. In children, main localizations in cancer incidence blood (acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin's disease), brain and central nervous system, bones and articular cartilages, kidneys, and eye and it's appendages, in both sexes. Similarly, in young adults, the major percentage was in blood and lymphatic tissues (acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease) a significant percentage accruing to lymphosarcoma, lymphoma, other myeloid leukemia and hematological malignancies as well as tumors of brain and central nervous system, bones and articular cartilages. This initial survey provides the basis for more detailed investigation of cancer epidemiology in Aktobe, Kazakhstan.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제74권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2013

Background: Although the lung is a common site of metastasis, endobronchial metastases (EBM) from extrathoracic malignancies are rare. Previous studies were retrospective reviews of the cases from each single institute, and the last one was performed between 1992 and 2002. We evaluated the characteristics of patients with EBM who had been diagnosed in recent 10 years in our hospital. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,275 patients who had undergone diagnostic bronchoscopic procedures between 2001 and 2011. An EBM was defined as bronchoscopically notable lesion, which was histopathologically identical to the primary tumor. Results: A total of 18 cases of EBM were identified. The mean age was 53 years, and 12 cases of the 18 patients were female. The most common primary malignancies were colorectal cancer and breast cancer (4 cases each), followed by cervix cancer (3 cases) and renal cell carcinoma (2 cases). Cough was the most common symptom. The most common radiologic finding was atelectasis, which was identified in 27.7% of the cases. The median interval from the diagnosis of primary malignancy to the diagnosis of EBM was 14 months (range, 0-112 months). The median survival time from the diagnosis of EBM was 10 months (range, 1-39 months). Conclusion: EBM from extrathoracic malignancies were rare. Colorectal cancer and breast cancer were common as primary malignancies. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy should be performed in all patients, who are suspected of having EBM. If atypical clinical and pathological features are present, appropriate diagnostic studies should be undertaken.

• Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.91.1-91.12
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• 2018

Objective: To examine the association between tumor grade and survival for women with squamous cervical cancer. Methods: This retrospective observational study utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result program data between 1983 and 2013 to examine women with squamous cervical cancer with known tumor differentiation grade. Multivariable analyses were performed to assess independent associations between tumor differentiation grade and survival. Results: A total of 31,536 women were identified including 15,175 (48.1%) with grade 3 tumors, 14,084 (44.7%) with grade 2 neoplasms and 2,277 (7.2%) with grade 1 tumors. Higher tumor grade was significantly associated with older age, higher stage disease, larger tumor size, and lymph node metastasis (all, p<0.001). In a multivariable analysis, grade 2 tumors (adjusted-hazard ratio [HR]=1.21; p<0.001) and grade 3 tumors (adjusted-HR=1.45; p<0.001) were independently associated with decreased cause-specific survival (CSS) compared to grade 1 tumors. Among the 7,429 women with stage II-III disease who received radiotherapy without surgical treatment, grade 3 tumors were independently associated with decreased CSS compared to grade 2 tumors (adjusted-HR=1.16; p<0.001). Among 4,045 women with node-negative stage I disease and tumor size ${\leq}4cm$ who underwent surgical treatment without radiotherapy, grade 2 tumors (adjusted-HR=2.54; p=0.028) and grade 3 tumors (adjusted-HR=4.48; p<0.001) were independently associated with decreased CSS compared to grade 1 tumors. Conclusion: Our study suggests that tumor differentiation grade may be a prognostic factor in women with squamous cervical cancer, particularly in early-stage disease. Higher tumor grade was associated with poorer survival.