• 대한세포병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1992.06a
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• pp.31.1-31.1
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• 1992

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.285-295
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• 1998

In clinical orthodontics, it is significant to understand the stage of growth in a growing patient. In order to assess the skeletal maturity of the patients, the hand-wrist radiograph and the cervical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI) was evaluated from the lateral cephalograph and the skeletal maturity determined from the hand-wrist X-ray (Skeletal Maurity Indicators : SMI) taken on the same day in the same patients, and its interrelationship examined to come up with the following results: 1. The skeletal maturity evaluated from the hand-wrist radiograph and the maturation of the cervical vertebrae from the lateral cephalograph showed a significant interrelationship with each other. 2. In the evaluation of the skeletal maturity using the SMI and CVMI, the CVMI 1 showed a siginificant correlation with SMI 1, 2, the CVMI 2 with SMI 3, 4, CVMI 3 with SMI 6, 7, CVMI 4 with SMI 7, 8, CVMI 5 with 9, 10 and CVMI 6 with SMI 11. 3. When the morphological changes in the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae were separately observed, it was seldom that the concavity appeared in the lower border of the 2nd cervical vertebra and at the same time not appear in the 3rd cervical vertebra (CVMI 2 : 10.38%, CVMI 3 : 6.56%) 4. In each of the skeletal maturation stage evaluated from the hand-wrist and the cervical vertebra, the average age and its standard deviation in male and female patients appeared to have large differences among individuals. Skeletal maturation seemed to appear earlier for the girls than for the boys, and its termination 24 months faster for girls.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2010

The palpation of spinous process and transverse process of vertebra are important part of the assesment and treatment from Orthopedic manual therapy. But the palpation area is descriptive differently each of literatures. So we generally got these outcomes. : There are C2, C3, C4 and C6 process as a bony landmarks and these are important part of establish the precise location of pain appears from cervical spine. Even though C7 process regard a prominent part, it is hard to distinguish C6 and process of T1. Thru that differentiation, grab the patient's forehead and try them cervical and hyper-extension check any movement of process or put on the fingers on C7 preocess and check the movement. The palpation of thoracic spine process is the land mark which determines general level orientation in the spine easily, there are T2, T7 spinous process. However, It is depends on how do you test the patient's arm when you palpate it and it can effect on spinous process. The transverse process of C1 is the only spot for palpation in cervical spine, and T1-3, T12 transverse process can palpate it when it stands on the process. The end of T4-6, T11 is placed on middle on vertebra of transverse process and transverse process. T7-9, T10 transverse process is place on same position as spinous process which is upper part of the spine.

• Asian Spine Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1123-1126
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• 2018

Study Design: Observational study. Purpose: To assess the correlational accuracy between the traditional anatomic landmarks of the neck and their corresponding vertebral levels in Southern Chinese patients. Overview of Literature: Recent studies have demonstrated discrepancies between traditional anatomic landmarks of the neck and their corresponding cervical vertebra. Methods: The center of the body of the hyoid bone, the upper limit of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and the lower limit of the cricoid cartilage were selected as representative surface landmarks for this investigation. The corresponding vertebral levels in 78 patients were assessed using computed tomography. Results: In both male and female patients, almost none of the anatomical landmarks demonstrated greater than 50% correlation with any vertebral level. The most commonly corresponding vertebra of the hyoid bone, the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and the cricoid cartilage were the C4 (47.5%), C5 (35.9%), and C7 (42.3%), respectively, which were all different from the classic descriptions in textbooks. The vertebral levels corresponding with the thyroid and cricoid cartilage were significantly different between genders. Conclusions: The surface landmarks of the neck were not accurate enough to be used as the sole determinant of vertebral levels or incision sites. Intra-operative fluoroscopy is necessary to accurately locate each of the cervical vertebral levels.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

Gunshot wounds are rare in Korea, but they have tended to increase recently. We experienced an interesting case of penetrating gunshot injuries to the cervical spine with migration the fragments of the bullet within the dural sac of the cervical spine, so discuss the pathomechanics, treatment and complications of gunshot wounds to the spine and present a review of the literature. A 38-year-old man who had tried to commit suicide with a gun was admitted to our hospital with a penetrating injury to the anterior neck. the patient had quadriplegia. A Computed tomography (CT) scan and 3-dimensional CT of the spine showed destruction of the left lateral mass and lamina of the 5th cervical vertebra; the bullet and fragments were found at the level of the 5th cervical vertebra. The posterior approach was done. A total laminectomy and removal of the lateral mass of the 5th cervical vertebrae were performed, and bone fragments and pellets were removed from the spinal canal, but an intradurally retained pellets were not totally removed. A dural laceration was noted intraoperatively, and CSF leakage was observed, so dura repair was done watertightly with prolene 6-0. The dura repair site was covered with fibrin glue and Tachocomb$^{(R)}$. Immediately, a lumbar drain was done. Radiographs included a postoperative CT scan and X-rays. The postoperative neurological status of the patient was improved compared with the preoperative neurological status. however, the patients developed symptoms of menigitis. He received lumbar drainage(200~250 cc/day) and ventilator care. After two weeks, panperitonitis due to duodenal ulcer perforation was identified. Finally, the patient died because of sepsis.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2010

Background: Tracheal deviations are encountered frequently in head and neck tumors especially in thyroid cancer. Dyspnea and stridor are symptom calling for surgery. The method of evaluation in tracheal deviation is not well established yet. This paper is aimed to suggest objective tools to evaluate tracheal deviation in relation to cervical vertebra. Material and Method: Ten cases of thyroid cancers were recruited retrospectively. Tracheal inner shadow and shape of cervical vertebra were reconstructed three dimensionally using 3D-doctor to compare position of trachea in relation to vertebral body. Extent of deviation was scored in relation to both lateral borders of vertebral body. Angles between trachea and spinous process were measured in axial CT and compared between study group and control group. Results: Deviation scores were statistically significant between study group (mean=1.1) and control group (mean=0) (p=0.0008). Deviation angles at maximal tumor size in study group (mean=160.3 Degrees) and deviation angles of control group (mean=177.1 Degrees) were statistically significant (p=0.0007). Angles at maximal deviation of three dimensional images ages in study group (mean=162.6 Degrees) and deviation angles of control group (mean=177.1 Degrees) were statistically significant (p=0.0089). Conclusion: Tracheal deviation can be evaluated using scoring of three dimensional images and measuring angle between trachea and vertebral spine.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.67-70
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• 2015

We propose an automatic vessel segmentation method of vertebral arteries in CT angiography using combined circular and cylindrical model fitting. First, to generate multi-segmented volumes, whole volume is automatically divided into four segments by anatomical properties of bone structures along z-axis of head and neck. To define an optimal volume circumscribing vertebral arteries, anterior-posterior bounding and side boundaries are defined as initial extracted vessel region. Second, the initial vessel candidates are tracked using circular model fitting. Since boundaries of the vertebral arteries are ambiguous in case the arteries pass through the transverse foramen in the cervical vertebra, the circle model is extended along z-axis to cylinder model for considering additional vessel information of neighboring slices. Finally, the boundaries of the vertebral arteries are detected using graph-cut optimization. From the experiments, the proposed method provides accurate results without bone artifacts and eroded vessels in the cervical vertebra.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.212-221
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• 2003

To observe the anatomical structures which cause a cervicogenic headache it reports, from viewpoint of physical therapist in treatment multiple to observe method which approaches, the reporter it does. With the manipulation the vertebral manipulation effected an affirmative effect to cervicogenic headache(Niels Nilsson et al,1997). The manipulation, soft the tissue massage, postural education/advice, muscular elongation, the traction, and postural exercises initially came to be used with that technique which the upper cervical vertebra(0-C3) passive accessory intervertebral movement comes to be used with a cervicogenic headache treatment technique(Grant T & Niere K., 2000). Also, it relates with the diagnosis standard about a cervicogenic headache when the body function over of the cervical vertebra is discovered, the Muscle energy technique was proposed in the treatment which is safety and effect(Bogduk N,2001). The TENS and the Mange gave a reduction effect of pain often.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1258-1261
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• 2000

Intraspinal neurenteric cyst is rare congenital lesion derived from disorder of notochord formation. Most of these are located ventral to the spinal cord and conventional posterior approach is considered to be effective method as initial treatment modality. This cyst can recur, but the risk of reccurence after partial removal through long term follow-up has not been determined. We experienced one case of cervical neurenteric cyst which recurred after partial removal through laminectomy. The magnetic resonance imaging and postmyelography computerized tomography revealed an intradural extramedullary cystic lesion anterior to the cervical cord at the fifth cervical vertebra level. We performed anterior cervical corpectomy and cyst was totally removed. The patient's neurological symptom was improved postoperatively. Neurenteric cyst located ventrally to the cervical spinal cord should be removed through anterior route for direct visualization of the relationship between the cyst wall and the spinal cord.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.289-319
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• 1995

The clinical studies were performed on 301 cases who took Yongkakkyo-tang from June 1993 to December 1994 The results were as follows: 1. About 80%(239 cases) patients who took Yongkakkyo-tang were improved. 2. The ratio of male to female patients was 106:133. In the age distribution, it was found that under 20's were 8%(24/301), 30's and 40's were 33%(98/301), and over 50's was 39%(117/301). 3. In the regional distribution, it was found that Cervical region was 22 cases, thoracic region was 12 cases, cervical & lumbar region complex was 50 cases, upper limbs region was 6 cases, lower limbs region was 12 cases, and lumbar region was 153 cases(64%). 4. Among improved cases, the cases treated only with Yongkakkyo-tang were 16(5%), the cases treated with Yongkakkyo-tang, and treated with Chiropractic were 19(6%), the cases treated with Yongkakkyo-tang and Yanggun-tang chiropratic were 133(44%). 5. Among improved cases, the number of Chiropractic treatment, less then 15 teimes were 69 cases, 15 to 30 times were 91cases. Basedon these results, it was shown that Yongkakkyo-tang could be used for the treatment of degenerative disease of vertebra, and the treatment with Yongkakkyo-tang, Yanggun-tang and Chiropratic is more effective.