• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.771-777
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• 2016

Accurate food composition data are essential for calculation of nutrient intake of a population based on its consumption statistics. In the Korean food composition database, there is a lack of reliable analytical data for tocopherols and tocotrienols. Therefore, this study was conducted to provide information on contents on vitamin E in agricultural processed foods in Korea. Tocopherols and tocotrienols were determined by the saponification extraction method followed by high performance liquid chromatography. Analytical method validation parameters were calculated to ensure the method's validity. Samples were obtained in the years of 2013 and 2014 from the Rural Development Administration. The samples included 34 grains and grain products, 14 snacks, 25 fruits, 5 oils, and 11 sources and spices. All vitamin E isomers were quantitated, and the results were expressed as ${\alpha}$-tocopherol equivalent (${\alpha}-TE$). ${\alpha}-TE$ values of cereal and cereal products, snacks, fruits, oils and sauces and spices ranged from 0.03 to 17.53, 1.01 to 12.84, 0.01 to 1.52, 1.09 to 8.15, and 0.01 to $27.53{\alpha}-TE/100g$, respectively. Accuracy was close to 100% (n=3). Repeatability and reproducibility were 2.04% and 4.69%, respectively. Our study provides reliable data on the tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of agricultural and processed foods in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 1983

For the purpose of implementing health and nutrition education for college women, we investigated changes in height, weight, and daily living schedule, as well as the relationship between energy intake and expenditure, and food and nutrients intake levels for the six years from 1977 to 1982. A special form of questionaires was prepared and distributed to well-trained subjects (total 213) in order to find out their general characteristics, daily living schedule and dietary intakes. The recovery of questionaires distributed to each subject was 90%. Then the quality of their living, energy balance, nutrient intake and food intake were evaluated and the F-test was used to test the statistical significances. It was found that : 1) The range of weights and heights of subjects were between 48-50 kg, 157-161cm respectively over the 6 year period. 2) In daily living schedule, that is, the average physiological activity time including sleeping ranged from 760 to 801 minutes. Free time decreased gradually, from 318 minutes per day in 1977 to 275 minutes in 1982. Average time for study and for house work was 196-280 minutes and 68 - 157 minutes respectively for 6 years, and study time was significantly varied in each year. 3) The energy intake of the subjects averaged 1762 Kcal, whereas the expended energy was 1892 Kcal. In the energy balance determined by the relationship between energy intake and expendituye, the ratio of subjects who maintained a negative energy balance gradually increased from 53% (1977) to 64%(1982). 4) The average nutrient intake was higher than the recommended dietary allowance except for calorie (1997 - 1982), calcium (1979) and iron (1979, 1980). The total calorie intake was composed of 59-63% carbohydrate, 19 - 24% fat and 15 - 18% protein Of the total protein intake the percentage of animal was 47 -51% for six years, showing acceptable nutritional status. 5) The average total food intake of the subjects increased from 1,080 g (1977) to 1,184g (1982), but this was not a significant difference. Cereal composed the highest proportion among the total food intakes, and rice intake was 58-78% of cereals. Cereal was followed in decreasing order by vegetables, dairy products, fruits, meat and fish products. The option available for the selection of cooking methods as well as the selection of food item was limited, so there were few changes over time.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2018

Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus, widely distributed in the environment and a range of different habitats. It includes both plant pathogenic and saprophytic species, which can affect crops in the field or cause post-harvest spoilage of plant fruits and kernels. Numerous Alternaria species cause damage to agricultural products including cereal grains, fruits and vegetables, and are responsible for severe economic losses worldwide. Most Alternaria species have the ability to produce a variety of secondary metabolites, which may play important roles in plant pathology as well as food quality and safety. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN) and altenuene (ALT) are considered the main Alternaria compounds thought to pose a risk to human health. However, food-borne Alternaria species are able to produce many additional metabolites, whose toxicity has been tested incompletely or not tested at all. Both alternariols are mutagenic and their presence in cereal grain has been associated with high levels of human esophageal cancer in China. TeA exerts cytotoxic and phytotoxic properties, and is acutely toxic in different animal species, causing hemorrhages in several organs. The possible involvement of TA in the etiology of onyalai, a human hematological disorder occurring in Africa, has been suggested. Altertoxins (ALXs) have been found to be more potent mutagens and acutely toxic to mice than AOH and AME. Other metabolites, such as TEN, are reported to be phytotoxins, and their toxicity on animals has not been demonstrated up to now. Vegetable foods infected by Alternaria rot are obviously not suitable for consumption. Thus, whole fresh fruits are not believed to contribute significantly with Alternaria toxins to human exposure. However, processed vegetable products may introduce considerable amounts of these toxins to the human diet if decayed or moldy fruit is not removed before processing. The taxonomy of the genus is not well defined yet, which makes it difficult to establish an accurate relationship between the contaminant species and their associated mycotoxins. Great efforts have been made to organize taxa into subgeneric taxonomic levels, especially for the small-spored, food associated species, which are closely related and constitute the most relevant food pathogens from this genus. Several crops of agricultural value are susceptible to infection by different Alternaria species and can contribute to the entry of Alternaria mycotoxins in the food chain. The distribution of Alternaria species was studied in different commodities grown in Argentina. These food populations were characterized through a polyphasic approach, with special interest in their secondary metabolite profiles, to understand their full chemical potential. Alternaria species associated with tomato, bell pepper, blueberry, apples and wheat cultivated in Argentina showed a surprisingly high metabolomic and mycotoxigenic potential. The natural occurrence of Alternaria toxins in these foods was also investigated. The results here presented will provide background for discussion on regulations for Alternaria toxins in foods.

• Journal of the FoodService Safety
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the amount of sugar from the afternoon snack menu of childcare facilities in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The amount of sugar was analyzed for afternoon snacks provided by childcare facilities between March and April 2016. The snacks provided were the same for processed and non-processed foods at 50.0% respectively. White milk accounted for the largest portion with 26.4%, followed by fruits with 19.9% and grains (sweet potatoes, rice cakes, etc.). It has been confirmed that the larger the facility, the lower the frequency of provision of non-processed foods, and the higher the provision of processed foods (p<0.05). Snacks served as non-processed foods showed the highest frequency of fruits and sweet potatoes. On the other hand, processed foods provided many sugar-rich products, such as liquid yogurt, hot cakes, and cereal, excluding white milk. The average sugar content was highest in processed milk products (13.9 g), followed by white milk (8.6 g), bread and snacks (8.0 g), other (4.6 g), and mixed grains (1.6 g). Of the total 216 snacks, banana flavored milk had the highest sugar content of 27.0 g, followed by strawberry milk (15.0 g) and castella (21.6 g). The findings are expected to be used as basic data for choosing the right snacks provided by childcare facilities and practicing reducing sugar intake.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2017

We inspected contaminations of pesticides in the 3,313 crop samples grown under the standard of Korean Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) between 2014 to 2016 May. According to our inspection, violations by unregistered pesticide contaminations far outweighed those by exceeding maximum residue limits. Most of the crops contaminated with unregistered pesticides were minor vegetable crops, for which far less pesticide products are registered compared to cereal grains and fruits. And in our second study, the pesticide in the sprayer was removed 90% or more, but not totally by serial rinses. From this result, it is assumed that pesticide remained in the rinsed sprayer can be carried over to crops unintentionally. Our study shows that supplying pesticide products evenly to all kinds of crops and allowing unintentional carry-over of unregistered pesticides to a certain extent are solutions to revitalize depressed Korean Good Agricultural Practices.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.948-953
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• 2007

The powdered cereal sunsik is a partially thermal-processed product that required safety evaluations for food-borne pathogens. Thirty-six sunsik products from Korean markets were collected and analyzed for contamination by total viable cell counts, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and the spore-forming Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus. Enterobacter sakazakii, as a newly emerging pathogen, was also analyzed. Approximately 28% of sunsik were contaminated at 5 log CFU/g for total viable counts. Coliforms and E. coli were detected in 33 and 4% of the samples, respectively. The spore-forming B. cereus was found in 42% of the samples at a maximal level of 3 log CFU/g on average. About 6% the samples were contaminated with Cl. perfringens at an average level of 15 CFU/g. Forty-five % of sunsik contained E. sakazakii, at levels from 0.007 to over 1.1 cell/g by MPN method. In addition, one sunsik product for infants and children showed over 3 log CFU/g for both B. cereus and E. sakazaki. Therefore, concern should be placed on controlling for microbial hazards such as B. cereus and E. sakazakii in sunsik, particularly for the products fed to infants under 6 months of age.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate extracts from mixed culture of Oriental medicines and cereal medium and mycelia of Trichloma matsutake and Cordyceps militaris by fermentation to develop new material for pharmaceutical products and medicinal food, Methods : To evaluate physiological activities of OCM extracts, we examined antioxidant activity(total polyphenol contents, electronic donating ability, SOD-like activity), ${\beta}$-glucan contents, nitric oxide production and cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Results : Total polyphenol contents of fermented OCM(UF) and non-fermented OCM(UM) extracts were more than 40% UM and UF of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 25.67%, 23.43% respectively. Total polyphenol content of non-fermented extract (UME) was 12.57%, while that of fermented extract(UFE) was 7.05%. SOD like activity showed UM 85.35%, UF 76.18%, UME 58.42%, UFE 72.21%. UME, and UFE 31.43%, ${\beta}$-glucan contents of UME and UFE were more than 40%. NO productions of UME, and UFE showed a LPS dose dependent tendency. Cytotoxicity on Raw 264.7 cell showed more than 90% viability. Inhibitory effect of UFE on HT1080 cell growth was higher than UME. Conclusions : These results showed that extracts from mixed culture of mushroom mycelium and OCM have physiological activities which can be used in pharmaceutical products and medicinal food.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

Granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), also known as the '"waxy protein'", is responsible for the synthesis of amylose in the amyloplasts of cereal crops. In hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), GBSS is involved in amylose synthesis and rolls as an important factor to determine flour quality and end-use quality in food products. Genes on three Wx loci have been found to encode GBSS in common wheats. We developed techniques for the purification and separation of GBSS in wheat. Three major GBSS isoforms, which were encoded by the genes on three loci, Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1 migrating differently by one dimensional SDS-po-lyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE), were identified. GBSS from 66 Korean hard and soft winter wheats were purified and determined for their Wx loci and four of them were identified possessing a null allele either at the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 loci. With help of identification of three GBSS isoforms using 1D SDS-PAGE system, we are able to identify and monitor Wx gene expressions in breeding materials for developing waxy or partial waxy wheats without experiencing consecutive selecting generations.cting generations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.161-168
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• 1972

The study was made to analyse the trend of food consumption in Korea from 1960 to 1970. Six kinds of statistical yearbooks in Korea was quoted for the basic data of this study. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The growth rate of populations in Korea from 1960 to 1970 was $2.0{\pm}0.4%$. 2) The production of foods in Korea was irregular by climate and natural phenomania. 3) There were the reverse trade phenomenia except vegetables, fruits and fishery products in export and import of food. 4) The monthly consumption expenditure per family in all city in Korea was \7,080 in 1963, and \29, 900 in 1970. 5) Food consumption in all expenditure was \3,840 in 1963, and \12,120 in 1970. 6) Percentage of food consumption of all expenditure was 54.2% in 1963, and 40.5% in 1970. 7) Cereal in food expenditure was \1,770 in 1963, and \5,060 in 1970. 8) By the growth of western style of life, there was a increase of western food consumption. 9) Engel index in Korea was 54.25 in 1963, and 40.46 in 1970. 10) We found slightly consumptional trend in plant origin food and highly trend in animal origin food. 11) Among the animal food consumption, chickens, canned meat, milk, eggs, and dried milk were highly consumed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 1972

The selenium content of a wide variety of Korean food was determined by neutron activation analysis. Most fruits and vegetables contained quantities of selenium less than $0.4{\mu}g/g$. Grain products varied widely in their selenium content with $0.5{\mu}g/g$ and barley cereal as high as $0.7{\mu}g/g$. Dried milk powder sample ranged from $0.7\;to\;0.15{\mu}g/g$. Chicken muscle contained about $0.7{\mu}g/g$. The content of sea food was generally higher, ranging from $0.3\;to\;3.65{\mu}g/g$. These values suggest that a diet well balanced in other nutrients is probably also nutritionally adequate with regard to selenium, although possible effects of cooking and biological availability remain to be investigated.