• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.133-147
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• 2009

Purpose : To investigate the reproducibilities and compare the measurements in digital and MDCT-synthesized cephalometric radiograph, and to investigate the effect of head position on the measurement during imaging with MDCT. Materials and Methods : Twenty-two dry skulls (combined with mandible) were used in this study. Conventional digital cephalometric radiograph was taken in standard position, and MDCT was taken in standard position and two rotated position ($10^{\circ}$ left rotation and $10^{\circ}$ right tilting). MDCT data were imported in $OnDemand^{(R)}$ and lateral cephalometric radiograph were synthesized from 3D virtual models. Two types of rotated MDCT data were synthesized with default mode and with corrected mode using both ear rods. For all six images, sixteen angular and eleven linear measurements were made in V-$Ceph^{(R)}$ three times. Reproducibility of measurements was assessed using repeated measures ANOV A and ICC. Linear and angular measurements were compared between digital and five MDCT-synthesized images by Student t-test. Results : All measurements in six types of cephalometric radiograph were not statistically different under ICC examination. Measurements were not different between digital and MDCT-synthesized images (P>.05). Measurements in MDCT-synthesized image in $10^{\circ}$ left rotation or $10^{\circ}$ right tilting position showed possibility of difference from digital image in some measurements, and possibility of improvement via realignment of head position using both ear rods. Conclusion : MDCT-synthesized cephalometric radiograph can substitute conventional cephalometric radiograph. The error on head position during imaging with MDCT have possibility that can produce measurement errors with MDCT-synthesized image, and these position error can be corrected by realignment of the head position using both ear rods.

• 치과방사선
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1984

The author has studied each landmark for successful interpretation in the radiograph of the head that have the complex anatomic structures, using panoramic radiograph, postero-anterior cephalometric radiograph, lateral cephalometric radiograph, Waters' radiograph of the skull. The anatomic structures of the human dry skull attached by radiopaque materials were taken radiographs and analysed comparatively. The results were as follows: 1. The overall anatomic structures of the mandible showed sharp images in the panoramic radiograph than other radiographs with relatively less distortion, superimposition, blurring of the image. 2. The anatomic structures were situated on sagital plane of the skull showed blurred images in panoramic radiograph than other radiographs. 3. The anatomic structures which were situated on the basal portion of the skull showed blurred and secondary images in the panoramic radiograph than other radiographs. 4. In the panoramic radiograph, the lower 3rd portion of the orbit appeared to be superimposed with the superior portion of the maxillary sinus and the medial and lateral surface of the nasal cavity showed extensively superimposition of the orbit and the maxillary sinus, which images showed blurring. 5. The inferior surface and posterior surface of maxillary sinus showed to be good image in the panoramic radiograph than other radiographs. 6. In the panoramic radiograph, line of maxillary bone between lateral pterygoid plate, line of maxillary bone between zygomatic bone showed distinct image with another structures.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between 2-dimensional (2D) cephalometric measurement and 3-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) measurement, and to evaluate the availability of 3D analysis for asymmetry patients. Materials and Methods: A total of Twenty-seven patients were evaluated for facial asymmetry by photograph and cephalometric radiograph, and CBCT. The 14 measurements values were evaluated and those for 2D and 3D were compared. The patients were classified into two groups. Patients in group 1 were evaluated for symmetry in the middle 1/3 of the face and asymmetry in the lower 1/3 of the face, and those in group 2 for asymmetry of both the middle and lower 1/3 of the face. Results: In group 1, significant differences were observed in nine values out of 14 values. Values included three from anteroposterior cephalometric radiograph measurement values (cant and both body height) and six from lateral cephalometric radiographs (both ramus length, both lateral ramal inclination, and both gonial angles). In group 2, comparison between 2D and 3D showed significant difference in 10 factors. Values included four from anteroposterior cephalometric radiograph measurement values (both maxillary height, both body height) and six from lateral cephalometric radiographs (both ramus length, both lateral ramal inclination, and both gonial angles). Conclusion: Information from 2D analysis was inaccurate in several measurements. Therefore, in asymmetry patients, 3D analysis is useful in diagnosis of asymmetry.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2005

Purpose : To compare cephalometric measurement between measuring methods in digital and conventional lateral cephalometric radiograph. Materials and Methods : Twenty digital and conventional lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected. In digital group, cephalometric measurements were performed manually using hardcopies and automatically using $V-Ceph^{TM}$ program on the monitor. In conventional group, the same measurements were performed manually on conventional films, and for automatic measurement conventional films were digitized by scanner. All measurements were performed twice by 4 observers, and 24 cephalometric variables were calculated and the time spent for each measurement was recorded. The differences in measurements data and the time spent for each measurement were compared within each group. Intra-observer and inter-observer comparisons were performed. Results : In both groups, no statistically significant difference between manual and automatic measurements was observed and most of the variables didn't show statistically significant differences between methods. The observer with less experience tended to show statistically significant differences of measurements between methods, and differences from other observers. The differences of measurements between methods in digital group were lesser than those of conventional group with statistical significance in 8 variables out of 24. With automatic method and in digital group, the spent time was shorter. Conclusion : With direct digital radiograph, automatic method using manually idenitified landmarks can be preferable in cephalometric analysis. (Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2005; 35 : 15-23)

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제43권12호통권439호
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• pp.822-837
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• 2005

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.323-335
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• 1998

Clinically, the curve of Spee is widely applied as a determined level of the occlusal curvature when the oral rehabilitation and the reconstruction of the prosthesis is needed at the malalignment dentition due to the missing, extrusion, and the inclination of the teeth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the curve of Spee of the occlusal curvature which influences to the occlusal form and the location three dimensionally, and then was to measure the radius and the degree of curvature of the curve of Spee and also was to investigate the influence to the cuspal inclination according to the change of the inclination of the curve of Spee which was analyzed by AutoCAD R.13 program at the gnathological cast and the cephalometric radiograph. The following results were obtained : 1. The radius of the curve of Spee was the mean of $11.74{\pm}3.64cm$ in the model, $12.75{\pm}4.63cm$ in the radiograph and there was no significant difference statistically between the model and the radiograph(P>0.001). 2. The radius and the degree of curvature of the curve of Spee showed negative correlation(r=-0.80), while the radius and the degree of curvature of the curve of Spee in relation to the length of the curve of Spee did not show correlation. 3. The case of the curve of Spee inclined to the posterior, that is. $Post.M{\theta}$ group showed the mean of $4.73{\pm}3.64$, positive correlation to the P2m, M1mm, M1dm, M2dm, and especially the greatest correlation coefficient to the mesial inclination angle of the mesio-buccal cusp tip of the first molar(r=0.70). 4. The case of the curve of Spee inclined to the anterior, that is, $Ant.M{\theta}$ group showed the mean of $3.28{\pm}3.59$, positive correlation to the P2m, M1mm, and also the greatest correlation coefficient to the mesial inclination angle of the mesio-buccal cusp tip of the first molar(r=0.78

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

After over one decade development, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been widely accepted for clinical application in almost every field of dentistry. Meanwhile, the radiation dose of CBCT to patient has also caused broad concern. According to the literature, the effective radiation doses of CBCTs in nowadays market fall into a considerably wide range that is from $19{\mu}Sv$ to $1073{\mu}Sv$ and closely related to the imaging detector, field of view, and voxel sizes used for scanning. To deeply understand the potential risk from CBCT, this report also reviewed the effective doses from literatures on intra-oral radiograph, panoramic radiograph, lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric radiograph, multi-slice CT, and so on. The protection effect of thyroid collar and leaded glasses were also reviewed.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2002

Purpose : Computed radiography (CR) has been used in cephalometric radiography and many studies have been carried out to improve image quality using various digital enhancement and filtering techniques, During CR image acquisition, the frequency rank and type affect to the image quality. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic quality of conventional cephalometric radiographs to those of computed radiography. Materials and Methods : The diagnostic quality of conventional cephalometric radiographs (MO) and their digital image counterparts were compared, and at the same time, six modalities (M1-M6) of spatial frequency-processed digital images were compared by evaluating the reproducibility of 23 cephalometric landmark locations. Reproducibility was defined as an observer's deviation (in mm) from the mean between all observers. Results and Conclusion: In comparison with the conventional cephalometric radiograph (MO), Ml showed statistically significant differences in 8 locations, M2 in 9, M3 12, M4 in 7, M5 in 12, and M6 showed significant differences in 14 of 23 landmark locations (p < 0.05). The number of reproducible landmarks that each modality possesses were 7 in M6, 6 in M5, 5 in M3, 4 in M4, 3 in M2, 2 in Ml, and 1 location in MO. The image modality that observers selected as having the best image quality was M5.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2011

이번 연구의 목적은 소아환자의 골격성숙도 평가를 위해 경추골과 수완부골 방사선 사진의 상호연관도를 연구하는 것이다. 성적인 특징, 연령, 치아 발육, 신장, 체중과 골격성장은 성장 단계를 확인하기 위해 사용되는 일반적인 방법이다. 청소년기 전이나 청소년기 동안 성장잠재력에 대한 평가는 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 6~18세 아동을 대상으로 측면 두부 방사선 사진과 수완부골 방사선 사진을 촬영하여 골격성숙 단계를 비교 평가하였다. 1. 일반연령은 Skeletal Maturity Indicators(SMI)와 Cervical Vertebrae Maturation(CVM)에 비하여 적절한 골격성숙도 표시자가 되지 못하였다. 2. SMI와 CVM의 골격성숙도는 여자의 경우 남자에 비해 더 빨랐다. 3. SMI 1, 2는 CVM 1, SMI 3, 4는 CVM 2, SMI 5, 6은 CVM 3에 해당하는 연관관계가 나타났다. 4. SMI와 CVM에 대한 측정자의 재현성 및 신뢰도는 우수하였다. 이상의 결과로 CVM도 SMI와 같이 교정치료에 있어 골격성숙도를 평가하는 적절한 방법이 될 수 있다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.521-534
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in measurements between cephalometric radiographs and digigraphs of Dolphin Imaging System. 26 Korean adult male and 24 adult female with normal occlusion were selected. For each subject lateral cephalogram was taken. Digitizing with Digigraph Work Station of Dolphin in System. was performed as well. 50 tracings and 50 digigraphs were analyzed with Yonsei, Ricketts, Burstone analyses. The comparable measurements between tracing group and digigraph group were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: 1. 13 of 64 comparable measurements did not show any statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between tracing group and digigraph group. 2. Three of the measurements with FH plane as a reference plane did not show any statistically insignificant difference. All measurement with SN plane as a reference plane showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 3. The measurements which showhed no statistically significant difference were mostly short distance linear measurements while most of the angular measurements showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05).