• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.971-975
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• 2004

This paper deals with the idea of Electroactive paper (EAPap) actuator and its application possibility. EAPap is a paper that produces large displacement under electrical excitation. EAPap is made with a cellulose paper by constructing thin electrodes on both sides of the paper. When electrical voltage is applied on the electrodes, the EAPap produces bending displacement. EAPap has merits in terms of lightweight, dryness, large displacement output, low actuation voltage and low power consumption. Since the power requirement is so small that it is suitable for microwave-driven smart actuators. This paper describes the working principle and performance of EAPap as an artificial muscle and its possibility far many applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.69-72
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• 2007

Cellulose is a beneficial material that has low cost, lightweight, high compatibility and biodegradability. Recently electroactive paper (EAPap) on cellulose base was discovered as a smart material and actuator through ion migration and piezoelectric effect. Furthermore cellulose has a potentiality to apply the display material, because of its high reflectivity, flexibility and high transmittance. The various shapes and height patterns of the Cellulose acetate (CA) solution, such as circle and honeycomb patterns, were fabricated and observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, S4300 Hitachi). The resulting pattern showed uniform size in the large area without defect. After stretching the CA film with saponification process in the sodium methoxide in methanol solution, Most of the compositions become one directional ordered nanofibers below 50nm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.735-738
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• 2005

Electro-Active Paper (EAPap) is attractive as an EAP actuator material due to its merits in terms of lightweight, dry condition, large displacement output, low actuation voltage and low power consumption. This paper presents the performance of EAPap actuators with thickness variation. The EAPap is made with cellulose paper, and is shown to bend in response to an external electric field. Up to the present, we have tested displacement, current and force of EAPap with 20 $\mu$m thickness. The thickness of EAPap is important factor that affects the performance of the actuator. Therefere, three different thickness of EAPap, 20, 30, and 40 $\mu$m are investigated that inference the tip displacement, blocked force, the resonance and the actuator efficiency. There is an optimum thickness of EAPap, which is resulted from the stiffness and the mass. The performance of EAPap with thickness is discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.495-498
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• 2002

Recently, the advent of electro-active papers (EAPap) actuators has been reported. In this paper, the possibility of the actuators is demonstrated. EAPap is a paper that produces large displacement with small force under an electrical excitation. EAPap is made with a chemically treated paper by constructing thin electrodes on both sides of the paper. When electrical voltage is applied on the electrodes the EAPap produces bending displacement. To improve the bending performance of EAPap, different paper fibers-softwood, hardwood, bacteria cellulose, cellophane, carbon mixture paper, electrolyte containing paper and Korean traditional paper, in conjunction with additive chemicals were tested. Two attempts were made to construct the electrodes: the direct use of aluminum foil and the gold sputtering technique. It was found that a cellophane paper exhibits a remarkable bending performance. When 2MV/m of excitation voltage was applied on the paper actuator, more than 3mm of tip displacement was observed out of the 30 mm long paper beam. This is quite low excitation voltage compared to that of other EAPs. The actuation principle of electro-active paper (EAPap) and possible applications are addressed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.727-730
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• 2005

Cellulose based Electro-Active Papers (EAPap) is very promising material due to its merits in terms of large bending deformation, low actuation voltage, ultra-lightweight, and biodegradability. These advantages make it possible to utilize applications, such as artificial muscles and achieving flapping wings, micro-insect robots and smart wall papers. This paper investigates the in-plane strains of EAPap under electric fields, which are useful for a contractile actuator application The preparation of EAPap samples and the in-plane strain measurement system are explained, and the test results are shown in terms of electric field, frequency and the oriental ions of the samples. The power consumption and the strain energy of EAPap samples are discussed. Although there are still unknown facts in EAPap material, this in-plane strain may be useful for artificial muscle applications.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1310-1316
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• 2008

Bi-layer and tri-layer structures of electro-active paper(EAPap) using conductive polyaniline(PANI) coating were investigated to improve bending displacement of cellulose EAPap. Two different counter ions, perchlorate($CIO_4^-$) and tetrafluoroborate($BF_4^-$), are used as dopant ions in the PANI processing. The actuation performances of hi-layer and tri-layer structure are evaluated in terms of tip displacement, blocked force, strain energy density and power output density. The actuation performance of the tri-layer actuator was better than the hi-layer structure, and the maximum displacement and blocked force of tri-layer $CIO_4^-$ doped-PANI-EAPap were 13.2 mm and 0.15 mN, respectively. Also the power output of the actuator is similar to the required power of biological muscle application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.640-643
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• 2006

In this paper, electro-mechanical coupling of cellulose-based Electro-Active Paper (EAPap) actuator is investigated by measuring induced strain and mechanical properties with and without electric excitation. The maximum induced in-plane strain is measured at the orientation angle of 45? samples. The elastic modulus and strength of EAPap are increased with electric excitation and the orientation angle of $45^{\circ}$ samples shows the largest increment of mechanical properties. From the observations, shear piezoelectricity is considered as the major piezoelectric mode of EAPap.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.623-624
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• 2013

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.658-664
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• 2013

Bending actuators composed of cellulose with an electrically conducting polymer (CP) are fabricated and their performance is characterized in the air. Two different counter ions, perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate are used as dopant ions in the polyaniline CP processing. CP-cellulose-CP trilayer and CP-cellulose bilayer samples are fabricated with different dopant ions, and their actuation performance is evaluated in terms of tip displacement, blocked force and electrical power consumption along with the humidity level and actuation frequency. The trilayer samples substantially enhanced the tip displacement compared to the bilayer ones. The actuation performance of the trilayer actuator is three times better than that of original cellulose electro-active paper (EAPap) actuator. The displacement and blocked force of CP-EAPap actuators are dependent on the humidity and frequency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.77-81
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• 2007

Pentacene was dissolved in N-methyspyrrolidone (NMP) and mixed with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The solution color changed from deep purple to intense yellow. As the dissolution time increased, visible absorption decreased and ultraviolet (UV) absorption increased. PEDOT:PSS or Pentacene-PEDOT:PSS was spin-coated to control the layer thickness. Three-layered Schottky diodes consisting of Al, PEDOT:PSS or PEDOT:PSS-pentacene, and Au with thickness of 300nm, respectively, were fabricated. The current densities of $4.8{\mu}A/cm^2$ at 2.5MV/m and $660{\mu}A/cm^2$ at 1.9MV/m were obtained for the Au/PEDOT:PSS/Al and Au/Pentacene-PEDOT:PSS/Al Schottky diodes, respectively. The current density of the Schottky diode was enhanced by about two orders of magnitude by doping pentacene to PEDOT:PSS.