• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.337-340
• /
• 2005

In this study, an effect of fiber blending on material property of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) was evaluated. Also, Compare and evaluates collating and mechanical property by the mixing rate of fiber for HFRC was determine. Modulus of rupture and strength effectiveness of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete mixed with macro-fiber(steel fiber) and micro-fiber(glass fiber, carbon fiber, cellulose fiber). Test result shows, in the case of mono fiber reinforced concrete. As the steel fiber mixing rate increases to 1.5$\%$, the strength effectiveness promotion rate rises. However, when is 2.0$\%$, strength decreases. In the case of hybrid fiber reinforcement concrete, synergy effect of micro fiber and macro fiber happens and higher Modulus of rupture and strength effectiveness appears than mono-fiber reinforcement concrete. Use of hybrid fiber reinforcement in concrete caused a significant influence on its fracture behavior; consequently, caused increase by mixing rate of steel fiber + carbon fiber and contributed by steel fiber + glass fiber, steel fiber + celluloid fiber in reinforcement effect in order. And was expose that steel fiber(1.5$\%$) + carbon fiber(0.5$\%$) is most suitable association.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 2007

Nowadays, many computer games based on NPR(Non-photorealistic Rendering) techniques have been developed due to their distinctive visual properties. However, only limited methods of NPR techniques have been exploited in producing computer games and amongst them cartoon-style rendering techniques especially has had the special interest. In the paper, we suggest an effective rendering method of comic-book style that will be applicable to computer game. In order to do, we first characterize the properties of comic-book from comparing two visuals: celluloid animation and comic-book. We then suggest a real-time rendering method of comic-book style represented by outline sketch, tone, and hatching. We finally examine its effectiveness by observing the game developed using the method.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.84-88
• /
• 2014

Traditional method of pulpectomy for a necrotic primary anterior tooth was done on lingual side. But it could not recover the discoloration of crown effectively. For the purpose of treating the discoloration of crown after lingual pulpectomy, additional methods of crown restoration were needed like : celluloid crown, open-faced crown, rasin-faced crown. Neverthless, these kinds of complete coverage methods had some disadvantages such as possibility of tooth fracture by increased tooth preparation. In order to overcome the shortcomings of lingual pulpectomy, labial treatment could be considered as an alternative. It is a method that treats necrotic pulp through the labial access opening. After finishing the pulp treatment, discolored labial tooth structure was removed extending from access opening. Discoloration of deep area could be masked effectively using opaque sealant. Cavity on labial side was restored with composite resin. This labial approach method has several advantages. First, it gives a direct vision for effective pulp treatment which is also very useful for children with poor behavior. Second, most of lingual tooth structure could be saved and occlusal contact of lingual surface remains undisrupted. Only nonfunctional discolored labial surface may removed. Third, complete removal of discolored part of a labial tooth and immediate resin restoration could be done effectively after pulp treatment. Moreover, it also could be used for pulp treatment having serious dental caries on labial surface with sound lingual tooth structure. This report presents cases with discolored upper anteior primary tooth, approaching labial side with successful restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.18
• /
• pp.247-268
• /
• 1992

The Clothing expresses people's desire of beauty most directly of all cultural inheritances, and it teach us how the human culture has changed and developed. In this study researched the history of buttonholes which make the clothes more functional and beautiful. Buttons and Buttonholes is one of detailed elements they used as a fastener or as a decoration on clothing. Button have been used since ancient times, in early times long before buttons were used as fasteners they had significant decorative and symbolic value. In ancient times, clothes fastened with pins, brooches, fibular and ties. In medieval Europe, it was not until the 13th century that they used the button in functional use, and then Chong Ryung-Lk was introduced from orient, and they became popular as fasteners on clothing during the 13th century when fitted clothes replaced loose garments. Garments were laced together or fastened with buttons, until buttonholes were invented in the 13th century. But as early as the 14th century it appears that someone discovered that a loop slipped over a button, or button pushed through a slit in the cloth, would make a good clothes fastener. Many buttons made during the modern ages were convex medallions set in metal rims and decorated with partraits of famous men and women. During the modern ages, buttons, with ligh-ographed pictures, covered with celluloid of glass were popular. In the 19th century, the mass production by machine made people use the button easily, and many different material of button easily and many different material of button was made. With the begining of the 20th century. the development of plastics led to various and functional buttons. The type of buttonholes also became various, as bound buttonhole, Tailred buttonhole, Worked buttonhole, Loop buttonhole and so on. The button has many forms which were imitated by nature, or made geometrically and the appearance of the button from behind is classified by what has holes and what has holes and what has a shank, and I also classified the kinds of button by the quality of the material design and use. Like this, with the passing of the time buttons and buttonholes have changed in appearance with the change of clothes, and they have standed for something meaningful as well as fixed the opening and made clothes more beautiful.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.179-188
• /
• 1989

The purpose of this study was to measure Micro vicker's hardness of 4 kinds of anterior Composite resins (Pyrofil light bond anterior, Lite-fil anterior, Photo clear fil anterior, Silux) and 6 kinds of posterior Composite resin (Pyrofil light bond posterior. Lite-fil posterior, Photo clear fil posterior, Occlusin posterior, Palfique light posterior, P-30, posterior) according to deference of depth and distance of light tip from surface of composite resin. Each composite resin was filled into Teflon tube of 5mm in diameter and 5mm in depth, celluloid matrix was covered and the light in accordance with each composite resin was irradiated in distance of zero millimeter and 1 cm from light tip to surface of composite resin for 30 seconds. Specimens were sectioned longitudinally with cutting device. Microvicker's hardness measurements ware made at the depth of surface, 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm and 5mm from the surface to deep portion. Vicker's hardness numbers were taken on each depth under 200gm load for 30 seconds with MVK-E. The following results were: 1. The highest hardness value was measured at 1 mm depth. Then the deeper the depth, the lesser the hardness was observed. 2. The hardness value of anterior composite resins is lower than one of posterior composite resins. 3. Hardness number of composite resin irradiated in distance of zero millimeter from surface of composite resin was higher than one of 1 cm from surface of composite resin. 4. The pattern of hardness change at varying depth was similar to all the experimental material with no relation to distance of light from specimen.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.781-787
• /
• 1997

In spite of the improvements of the techniques in the field of preventive dentistry, many children still present with extensive destruction of primary anterior teeth. Not only the practioner must consider the pulp state of the primary incisor, but also restore the form, function and esthetics of the tooth. Restorative treatment of primary incisor tooth requires durability, retention and esthetics. Stainless steel crowns used in restoring primary anterior teeth is retentive and durable in comparison with the composite resin, celluloid crown. But they are not esthetic. To enhance the esthetics of the anterior stainless steel crown without reducing its superior retention, an open-face stainless steel crown has been suggested. Several authors have suggested cutting away the labial portion of the stainless steel crown and placing the composite resin in that area. By following this technique, the practioner can prepare a retentive, durable, and esthetic restoration for primary teeth which have suffered from extensive loss of teeth structure. In addition, the single missing primary anterior teeth can be successfully restored by soldering the stainless steel crown together. Open-face stainless steel crown is indicated in the areas of large interproximal lesions involving incisal edge, crown fracture with pulp exposure and congenital malformation of the teeth. By this technique, the practioner can restore primary anterior teeth successfully regardless of the amount of remaining tooth structure, bruxism habit and presence of attrition. In this case, rampant caries with extensive loss of tooth structure and single missing of primary anterior tooth hart been successfully treated with open-face stainless steel crown.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.139-148
• /
• 2024

This study takes a comprehensive look at how technological advances have changed the way 2D animation is created. Humans are constantly looking for new ways and technologies to express movement, which has led to many changes in the way 2D animation is produced. In this study, we will examine the impact of these changes on 2D animation production and explore the possibilities for future developments. In the early days of 2D animation, the production method was repeatedly changed by the invention of technologies such as celluloid sheets, rotoscopes, and multiplane cameras, while the advent of digital technology has led to revolutionary changes such as the development of CAPS(computer animation production systems), various digital tools, and the combination of 2D and 3D. In addition, the recent introduction of generative AI is rapidly changing the way 2D animation is produced by automatically handling various tasks. These advances have not only streamlined the production of animation, but have also reduced costs by shortening the production period, and greatly improved the quality of animation by making it easier to implement complex and sophisticated visual effects. The introduction of generative AI has pushed the boundaries of what can be represented in 2D animation. On the other hand, the introduction of digital technology has its drawbacks, as the mechanical and uniform style produced by digital tools can reduce originality and individuality, but advances in technology will open up the possibilities for 2D animation to be produced in a variety of ways, as it fosters the creation of new expressions and creative content.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2004

The eruption of permanent teeth represents the movement in the alveolar bone before appearance in oral cavity, to the occlusal plane after appearance in oral cavity, and additive movement after reaching th the occlusal plane. Tooth eruption is mostly controlled by genetic signals. The eruption stage is divided to preeruptive alveolar stage, alveolar bone stage, mucosal stage according to the process of growth and development. If the disturbance is occured in any stage of eruption, tooth does not erupt. The cause of eruption disturbance are ectopic position of the tooth germ, obstruction of the eruption path and defects in the follicle or PDL. In the treatment of eruption disturbance, surgical procedures are commonly used. There are three kind of surgical procedure ; surgical exposure, surgical repositioning, surgical exposure and traction Surgical exposure is basic procedure. This involves removal of mucosa, bone, lesion that are surrounding the teeth, dental sac when necessary to maintain a patent channel between the crown and the normal eruptive path into the oral cavity. To ensure this patency, many techniques including cementation of a celluloid crown, packing with gutta-percha or zinc oxide-eugenol, or a surgical pack, are used. When surgical exposure is conducted, operators should not expose any part of cervical root cement and not injure periodontium or root of adjunct tooth. After surgical exposure, tooth should be surrounded by keratinized gingiva. There is direct relationship between the extent of development of pathophysiologic aberrations and the intensity of the manipulative injury inflicted on the tooth by surgical treatment, so operator should consider this thing. In these cases, surgical exposure is conducted on Maxillary 1st milars that have a eruption disturbance and improve the eruption disturbance effectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.322-328
• /
• 2007

The first molar is important for mastication and also it plays roles to formation of vertical occlusion and growth of jaw bone after mixed dentition. Impaction of mandibular first molar can result in a short lower facial height, formation of a follicular cyst, pericoronal inflammation, resorption of the roots of neighboring teeth and malocclusion. The options of treatment plans are as follows; observation, surgical exposure, orthodontic traction, surgical relocation and extraction. Surgical exposure could be considered as a basic treatment plan. For surgical exposure it is important to maintain patent channel between the crown and the normal eruptive path into the oral cavity, many techniques including cementation of a celluloid crown, packing with zinc oxide-eugenol surgical pack are used. In these cases, we could observe spontaneous eruption of mandibular first molar using surgical exposure with or without removal of odontoma. Also we could obtain the main patency effectively and conveniently by using surgical pack and translucent retainer.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.193-213
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study is to investigate a possible contribution of nonspecific esterases, which occur in the oral cavity, to the degradation of ester bonds in polymethacrylates. One of the problems connected with the use of composite resins for restorations is their inadequate resistance to wear. It has been shown that methacrylate hydrolysis can be catalyzed by enzymes and that a carboxylic hydrolase (porcine liver esterase) catalyzed the hydrolysis of several mono - and dimethacrylates. The softening effect on a BISGMA/TEGDMA polymer induced by hydrolase will accelerate the in vivo wear of the polymer. Porcine liver esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) 3.2 mol/L $(NH_4)_2$ $SO_4$ was obtained from Sigma Chemical Company. The esterase activity of one unit is defined as the amount of enzyme capable of hydrolyzing $l{\mu}mol$ ethyl butyrate per min at pH 8.0 AT $25^{\circ}C$. Phosphate buffer, 10mmol/L, pH 7.0, was made by adjustment of a solution of $Na_2HPO_4$ with $H_3PO_4$. Composite resins used in this study are Silux Plus, Z-100, Durafil VS, and Prisma APH. Cylindrical specimens, 14mm in diameter and 3mm thick, of Silux Plus, Z-100, Durafil VS, Prisma APH were polymerized under the celluloid strip. 60 specimens were divided into 2 groups. One group was emersed only in buffer solution, the other group was emersed in buffer and enzyme solution. Silux Plus and Z-100 were divided into 2 subgroups, one subgroup was cured only Visilux 2. And the other subgroup was cured Visilux 2 and Triaid II. Thereafter, specimens were polished to its best achievable surface according to manufacture's directions. The Vickers hardness of the specimens was measured after 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 50 days. The solutions were changed after each measurement. Composite resin surfaces were evaluated for the surface roughness with profilometer (${\alpha}$-step 200, Tencor instruments, USA) after 1 and 50 days. And then surfaces of specimens were pictured with stereosopy after 1 and 50 days. The results were as follows. 1. The surface hardness of Silux plus, durafil VS, and Prisma APH were decreased with time. But, the surface hardness of Z-100 was not decreased. 2. The surface hardness of all composite resins was decreased by esterase. 3. Composite resins, which were light-cured by Visilux 2 and concomitantly baked by oven, showed more hardened surface than light-cured by Visilux 2 only. 4. Significant surface changes were occured in Silux plus after esterase treatment.