• 미생물학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 2005년 11월부터 2006년 3월 초까지 497개의 초밥, 김밥, 샌드위치 등의 식사대용 식품 검체를 수거하여 식품공전을 토대로 식사대용 식품에서 유래되는 미생물학적 인 오염도를 조사하고, 현대 사회에서 항생제 사용의 오남용으로 항생제 내성이 심각한 상황을고려하여 분리된 균에 대한 항생제 감수성 양상에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 수거된 검체를 실험한 결과 김밥에서 4개(1.4%)의 Escherichia coli가 분리되었고, 초밥, 샌드위치 등에서는 분리되지 앓았다. 또한 김밥에서 12개(4.4%), 초밥에서 8개(5.4%), 샌드위치에서 2개(4.3%)로 총22개(4.4%)의 Staphylococcus aureus가 분리되었다. 식사대용 식품에서 분리된 26개의 균주로 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)의 기준에 의거하여 vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamycin, cipro-floxacin, synercid, cefotaxime, lincomycin, meropenem, cefazolin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid으로 총 10개의 항생제를 사용하여 E. coli와 S. aureus의 항생제 감수성 양상을 파악해 보고자 하였다. 실험 결과 식사대용 식품에서 분리된 E. coli 4균주의 항생제 감수성 양상은 그람 음성균 치료에 주로 사용되는 항생제인 gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxine, meropenem, cefazolin에 대해서는 감수성이 높다고 판단되었으나 amoxicillin-clavulanic acid에 대해서는 내성을 나타내었고, S. aureus의 항생제 감수성은 비교적 높다고 판단되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.303-307
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• 2010

임상분리 균주인 A. baumannii 1625는 imipenem (carbapenem 계열)을 포함한 대부분의 ${\beta}$-lactam계열의 항생제들과 kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin 및 제 3세대와 4세대 cephalosporin 계열의 항생제들에 광범위한 내성을 나타내었고, 한국에서는 드문 IMP-1형 metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase (MBL)를 생성하는 균주임이 확인되었다. A. baumannii 1625는 약 2.5 kb 크기의 class 1 integron을 갖고 있었으며, 이 integron내에 aminoglycoside계열 내성 유전자인 accA4, carbapenem 계열 내성 유전자인 $bla_{IMP-1}$, 광범위한 ${\beta}$-lactam 내성 유전자인 $bla_{OXA-2}$ 유전자 cassette들이 차례대로 위치해 있음을 확인하였는데, 이것은 IMP-1형과 OXA-2형 ${\beta}$-lactamase의 유전자를 같은 integron내에 동시에 갖는 새로운 배열 및 구조로서 이전에 국내에서 보고된 바 없는 것이다. 이 2.5 kb 크기의 integron을 항생제 내성이 없는 E. coli에 형질전환 시켰을 때, imipenem, ampicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, aztreonam 등의 항생제들에 대하여 8배 이상 증가된 내성정도를 보였다. 이는 A. baumannii 1625의 integron이 다제내성을 부여하는 기능을 하고 있음을 보여준다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2009

Biofilm has been described as a barrier, which produced by microorganisms to survive and protect themselves against various environments, like antibiotic agents. Staphylococcus spp. is a common cause of nosocomial and environmental infection. Thirty-six and thirty-five Staphylococci were isolated from animals and air, respectively. Based on the biofilm forming ability of the bacterium reported in our previous report, relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic-resistance was investigated in this study. Regarding antibiotics susceptibility, cefazolin was the most effective agent to the bacteria. Strong biofilm-forming Staphylococcus spp. isolates might have a higher antibiotic resistance than weak biofilm isolates regardless of the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (p < 0.05). This result suggested that the chemical complexity of the biofilm might increase the antibiotic resistance due to the decrease of antibiotic diffusion into cells through the extensive matrix.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.215-221
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• 1987

A total of 204 strains of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus isolated from piglets suffering from exudative epidermitis and healthy pigs were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The growth of all isolates of Staph. hyicus subsp. hyicus tested was inhibited by cloxacillin(Cx) at a concentration of $0.8{\mu}g/ml$ and by cefazolin (Cf) at a concentration of $0.4{\mu}g/ml$, and by gentamicin and methicillin at a minimum inhibitory concentration of $3.2{\mu}g/ml$. Of total isolates obtained from the diseased and healthy pigs, 69.6% were resistant to penicillin G, 53.4% to tetracycline, 11.8% to kanamycin and 0.5% to chloramphenicol, with considerable variations among farms in the occurrence of resistant strains and resistance patterns to the drugs. By application of Cx or Cf which was active to the organism, piglets exposed to infection were successfully protected from the disease, but piglets suffering from already severe exudative epidermitis did not respond to treatment.

• 환경생물
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.286-295
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• 2011

Bacteria resistant to various antibiotics have recently become an issue of the utmost importance. Resistant strains are not uncommon, even in municipal drinking water sources. The health threat posed by resistant, pathogenic bacteria has serious ramifications for both public health and agriculture. In this study, we isolated antibiotic resistant bacteria from water samples from the Han River, Korea, which is contaminated by the wastewater from many industrial complexes, hospitals, agricultural and animal husbandry estates, and from wastewater treatment facilities. We determined the degrees of resistance to various antibiotics exhibited by the isolated strains. The similarities between the isolated $E.$ $coli$ strains were examined, using the pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, in order to trace their origins and to explore the syntechnic adaptations and pathogenicity of the various strains and relate these to their genetic sequence. A total of 25 $E.$ $coli$ strains were isolated from six stations along the Han River. All the 25 strains exhibited resistance to ampicillin. We also investigated resistance to amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, cefazolin, cofoxitin, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, nalidixic acid, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and imipenem. Based on the ESBL detection, 14 strains belonged to the ESBL producing strains. The number of the clonal complex producing strains was 5 among the 14 isolated strains. The 5 strains were included in the 168, 23, 38, 469, 156 clonal complex, respectively. The rest 9 strains were not included in the clonal complex, but showed independent STs.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

We investigated the distribution and drug susceptibility test of V. vulnificus isolated from environmental sources in Incheon. In this survey, total 4,302 samples were obtained from different sites of the Incheon coastal area during the periods from march 2004 to November 2006. Among the 4,302 samples, 310 strains were isolated. The isolation rates of Vibrio vulnificus from fish, shellfish, estuarine water and sediment were 6.7%, 4.7%, 12.4% and 23.2%, respectively. The highest isolation rate was 14.6% in September and in spite of low temperature the isolation rate was 5.1% in November. The highest rate of antibiotic resistance was observed against streptomycin(15.3%), cefazolin(8.5%), cephalothin(8.3%), amikacin(8.3%), cefoxitin(6.7%) and nalidixic acid(6.7%). Seventeen percent of isolates were observed to be resistant to two or more of the antibiotics tested.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.511-521
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• 2001

Microorganisms were isolated and identified from bovine 296 quarters which showed positive reaction by California Mastitis Test (CMT) in 40 farms of Jeju from September 1999 to June 2000. The organisms associated with the mastitis of bovine were 11 different bacterial species in this study. Which of them, Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant species as 152 (51.4%) isolates. Other identified species included 49 (16.5%) coliform, 47 (15.8%) Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 15 (5.1%) Bacillus spp., 8 (2.7%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, 6 (2.1%) Streptococcus agalactiae, 5 (1.7%) Enterococcus faecalis, 5 (1.7%) Corynebacterium spp., 3 (1.0%) Streptococcus uberis, 1 (0.3%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 (0.3%) Pasteurella haemolytica. Almost of all the islolated beacterial species showed high sensitivity against kanamycin (98.6%), cephalothin (98.0%), streptomycin (94.9%), gentamicin (94.6%), ampicillin (92.2%) and polymyxin B (90.2%). On the contrary, they showed resistance against penicillin (47.0%), tetracycline (37.2%), cefazolin (26.0%), bacitracin (22.6%) and erythromycin (19.9%). Eighty-one isolates were not resistant to any antibiotics and 215 drug resistant isolates showed 89 different drug resistance patterns from single to nine multiple antibiotics resistance patterns.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.98-104
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to investigate isolation and antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Pasteurella spp from pneumonic calves and cows (pneumonic lungs) in Gyeongnam south area from January to November 2000. Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica were isolated 136 (53.8%) and 22(8.7%), respectively, from 158 of 253 pneumonic calves of 1 to 12 months of age and from pneumonic lungs and simultaneous isolation rate of P mutocida and P haemolytica was 4 (1.6%). Seasonal isolation rate of Pasteurella spp in calves and pneumonic lungs varied from 3 to 65.2%, and it was higher in Fall. The majority of biochemical and cultural properties of P multocida and P haemolytica isolated from calves and pneumonic lung were identical to those of the reference strains employed. Pneumonic lesions of the examined lungs were histologically identified as purulent bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pneumonia. All isolates were resistant to penicillin, amikacin, lincomicin, colistin, cloxacilling, sulfonamide, kanamycin, sulfamethoxasoletrimetoprim, and gentamicin(>80%), but some of them were susceptible to amoxicillin, norfloxacin, cephalexin, cefazolin, orbifloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin(>60%).

• 약학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1994

A study on the absorption mechanism of cefixime(CF), an oral ${\alpha}-amino$ group deficient cephalosporin antibiotic, has been undertaken through the rat jejunum and nasal cavity using an in situ simultaneous perfusion technique developed in our laboratory. CF was well absorbed in the jejunum and nasal cavity of rats at pH 5.0, but not at pH 7.0. CF absorption was studied over four orders of magnitude in concentration to determine saturability. Disappearance of CF in the perfusate followed first-order kinetics at all tested concentrations. The apparent first-order absorption rate constant was found to be dependent on the concentration over the range of $0.1\;mM{\sim}3\;mM$ in the jejunum and nasal cavity of rats. Inhibitors were added to determine the competitive inhibition of CF absorption. The presence of L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, alanine-alanine, glycine-glycine and cefadroxil produced the significant inhibition of CF absorption in the nasal cavity and jejunum. However, there was no evidence of the inhibition in the presence of cefazolin. In addition, The CF absorption in the nasal cavity and jejunum was inhibited significantly by ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol(DNP). This study suggested that CF is absorbed across the rat nasal cavity and jejunum by carrier-mediated transport mechanism and energy consuming system.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.653-658
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• 1996

As part of our search for less toxic antimicrobial agents from natural resources. rutin was isolated from Sophora japonica and then hydrolyzed to quercetin. Antimicrobial activity of quercetin was tested in vitro against five kinds of gram positive and ten kinds of gram negative bacteria by serial broth dilution method. Among fifteen kinds of bacteria tested, the antimicrobial activity of quercetin was the most potent against Proteus vulgaris showing minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 125 ${\mu}$g/ml. To investigate the effect of antimicrobial combinations of quercetin with four kinds of antibiotics (ampicillin, cefazolin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol). the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was determined by checkerboard assay for each strain. The antimicrobial combinations of quercetin with four kinds of antibiotics resulted in synergism in one instance, additive effect in four instances, but no antagonism was observed.