• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2021

This study describes the effects of a thrust labyrinth seal applied to the backside of a centrifugal impeller on the axial thrust force for high speed turbomachinery. The bulk flow model using Neumann's equation calculates the seal cavity pressures and leakage flow rate of the thrust labyrinth seal based on three configurations: teeth-on-rotor (TOR), teeth-on-stator (TOS), and interlocking labyrinth seal (ILS). Prediction results show that the ILS is superior to the TOR and TOS in terms of leakage flow rate. A mathematical model of a centrifugal impeller with a thrust labyrinth seal on its backside calculates the force components corresponding to the impeller inlet, shroud, impeller backside outer, backside seal, and backside inner pressures. A summation of the force components renders the total axial thrust force acting on the centrifugal impeller. The Newton-Raphson numerical scheme iteratively calculates the pressures and leakage flow rate through the impeller wall gap. The prediction results reveal that the leakage flow rate and total axial thrust force increase with rotor speed, and the ILS significantly decreases the leakage flow rate, whereas it slightly increases the axial thrust force when compared to TOR and TOS. Increasing the seal clearance causes an increase in the leakage flow rate and a slight decrease in the axial thrust force with the ILS.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

C-shape 근관은 주로 하악 제 2대구치에서 보이는 해부학적 변이 형태로서, 그 특징은 각 근관을 연결하는 fin이나 web이 존재한다. 이런 해부학적으로 복잡함은 근관치료시에 세정과 성형 및 근관충전을 방해하며, 과다한 기구 조작시에 뜻하지 않는 천공을 유발하기도 한다. 이 연구의 목적은 C-shape 치근을 가진 하악 제2 대구치의 해부학적인 형태와 치근의 위치에 따른 최소 근관벽 두께에 대하여 연구하고자 하였다. 발거된 하악 대구치중 C-shape 치근을 가진 치아를 30개 선별하여 방사선 사진 및 협측, 설측, 치근단 부위를 디지털 카메라를 이용하여 촬영하였다. 자가 중합형 교정용 레진 (Orthodontics resin, Densply/Caulk, U.S.A)을 이용하여 치관부를 제거한 치아를 매몰한 후 각각의 시편을 Accutom-50 (Struers, Denmark)에 고정시켜 1 mm 간격으로 절단, 연마한 다음 절단면을 수술용현미경에 연결된 디지털 카메라 (Coolpix 995, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan)를 이용하여 각각의 상을 촬영하였다. 30개 치아에서 촬영한 197개의 치아단면을 Root thickness gauge program을 이용하여 근관형태의 변화를 분류하고 부위별 근관과 치아외벽 사이에 존재하는 상아질의 최소두께에 대해 연구 분석하였다. 1. 근관입구에서 C I이 가장 많이 (73%) 관찰되었으나 치근단부로 갈수록 근관 형태의 다양한 변화를 보여 C II와 C III의 근관형태가 많이 관찰되었으며, 11 개의 (36%)치아에서는 근관입구에서 치근단부까지 근관형태의 변화를 보이지 않았다. 근관입구에서 단지 2개의 치아에서 나타난 C III type은 치근단부로 갈수록 높은 발현빈도를 나타내었다. 2. C-shape 근관은 근관입구 부위에서는 continuous 나 semicolon canal을 가지나 치근단부로 갈수록 2개나 3개의 근관을 갖는 경우가 많다. 3.평균적인 근관과 치질사이의 최소거리는 근첨부의 설측부위에서 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2006

The heartwood of cengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) is known to have a high degree of decay resistance by virtue of its high extractive content. After 30 years in ground contact an utility pole of this tropical hardwood was found to be degraded only in the surface layers by cavity-forming soft rot fungi. The present work was undertaken 1) to characterize the degradation of cengal heartwood from the aspect of ultrastructure and chemistry and 2) to investigate the correlation between soft rot decay and its extractive microdistribution in wood tissues. The chemical analysis of cengal heartwood revealed the presence of a high amount of extractives as well as lignin. The wood contained a relatively high amount of condensed lignin and the guaiacyl units. Microscopic observations revealed that vessels, fibers and parenchyma cells (both ray and axial parenchyma) all contained extractives in their lumina, but in variable amounts. The lumina of fibers and most axial parenchyma were completely or almost completely filled with the extractives. TEM micrographs showed that cell walls were also impregnated with extractives and that pit membranes connecting parenchyma cells were well coated and impregnated with extractives. However, fungal hyphae were present in the extractive masses localized in cell lumina, and indications were that the extractives did not completely inhibit fungal growth. The extent of cell wall degradation varied with tissue types. The fibers appeared to be more susceptible to decay than vessels and parenchyma. Middle lamella was the only cell wall region which remained intact in all cell types which were severely degraded. The microscopic observations suggested a close correlation between extractive microdistribution and the pattern and extent of cell wall degradation. In addition to the toxicity to fungi, the physical constraint of the extractive material present in cengal heartwood cells is likely to have a profound effect on the growth and path of invasion of colonizing fungi, thus conferring protection to wood by restricting fungal entry into cell walls. The presence of relatively high amount of condensed lignin is also likely to be a factor in the resistance of cengal heartwood to soft rot decay.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.272-285
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• 2003

본 연구는 유치와 영구치의 법랑질과 상아질을 bur를 이용하여 삭제한 경우와 Er:YAG laser를 이용하여 삭제한 경우 형성되는 와동의 미세학적인 형태를 관찰하고 삭제 효과를 비교하기 위함이다. 유치와 영구치의 법랑질과 상아질을 #330 bur 와 5 Hz의 150mJ, 200mJ, 250mJ 그리고 300mJ 조사세기로 Er:YAG laser를 조사하여 1mm 두께의 표본이 삭제되는 시간을 측정하였다. 또한 삭제된 표면을 관찰하기 위해서 유치와 영구치 각각 5개에 #330 bur와 5Hz의 150mJ, 200mJ, 250mJ, 300mJ 조사세기로 Er:YAG laser를 1초동안 조사하여 횡단면과 종단면으로 나누어 관찰하였다. 1. Er:YAG 레이저를 사용하여 삭제한 경우 유치와 영구치, 법랑질과 상아질 모두 bur를 이용하여 삭제한 경우보다 삭제 시간이 길었다(P<0.05). 2. 법랑질을 삭제할 경우 bur를 사용시 영구치보다 유치에서 삭제시간이 더 길었다. 그러나 Er:YAG 레이저 사용시에는 유치와 영구치 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 3. 상아질을 삭제할 경우 bur사용시 영구치에서 삭제시간이 더 길었으며 Er:YAG레이저 사용시 150mJ, 5Hz에서는 유의하게 영구치에서 더 긴 삭제시간을 보였으나 나머지 다른 출력의 레이저에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P<0.05). 4. SEM 관찰시 bur를 이용하여 치아를 삭제한 경우 치질유형에 관계없이 경계가 비교적 명확한 와동 변연을 보였다. 그러나 와동 변연에서 균열과 $10-100{\mu}m$의 microchipping이 관찰되었다. 와동벽은 회전식 bur에 따른 줄무늬 모양의 표면을 보이고 있었다. 편평한 와동저를 관찰할 수 있었으며 역시 와동벽과 마찬가지로 거친 표면을 보이고 있었다. 5. 레이저를 이용하여 치아를 삭제한 경우 와동의 변연이 명확하고 날카롭게 형성되었다. 와동의 상부의 직경은 조사에너지와 pulse repetition rate가 커질수록 점차 증가하였다. 와동벽은 불규칙하게 배열되었으며 와동의 변연이나 바닥에 비해 불규칙한 양상을 보여주었다. 와동저는 일반적으로 둥근 원추형이며 비교적 부드러운 표면을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 요약해보면 Er:YAG 레이저는 유치와 영구치에서 비슷한 삭제 시간이 소요되었다. 그러나, 법랑질보다는 상아질에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 실험 결과 레이저를 이용하여 치아를 삭제한 경우 bur사용에 비해 3배 이상의 삭제시간이 소요되었다. 그러나, 레이저를 이용하여 치아를 삭제할 경우 깨끗한 와동 변연이 형성되고 smear layer가 형성되지 않는 점이 장점으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the number of the growing and mature follicles following gonadotrophin treatments for superovulation in mature rats. Eighteen mature rats (Sprague-Duwely, initially 190~230gm) were randomly alloted into 3 groups. One group was control group, another FSH-treated group was injected intramuscularly with 0.5 units of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) / rat, and third PMS and HCG-treated group was intramuscularly injected with 20~25IU of pregnant mare serum (PMS) / rat and then at the 48 hrs later, with 20~25IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) / rat. The uteri and ovaries of rats were collected and then were observed grossly and serial sections of paraffin embedding ovaries were stained with H-E. Number of ovarian follicles by following 3 grades of large, middle and small follicles from secondary and tertiary follicles were investigated by LM photography of preparations. Small follicles were classified as secondary follicles of preantral follicles with more than 2 layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte and middle follicles were classified as secondary follicles with early signs of antral cavity or with more than one small cavity on either side of the oocytes and large follicles were classified as tertiary follicles with a single medium sized antral cavity or large well-formed antral cavity. In gross findings, the uteri were slightly swelling in FSH-treated group and markedly swelling or filled with fluid in the uterine lumen in PMS and HCG-treated group. In histological findings, the shape and size of the follicles were diverse in middle and large follicles of FSH-treated group and PMS and HCG-treated group, and proportion of atretic follicles was increased in FSH-treated group and PMS and HCG-treated group than those in control group. The uteri of FSH-treated group and PMS and HCG-treated group were hypertropied or filled with fluid in the lumens and walls of uteri. The wall tissue layers were flattened and their blood and lymph vessels were dilated. The mean number of follicle per ovary in control group were appeared to be $17.1{\pm}5.6$($14.0%{\pm}4.6%$), $37.8{\pm}9.1$($30.9{\pm}7.4%$) and $67.6{\pm}30.1$($55.2{\pm}24.6%$) respectively at large, middle and small follicles and total number of these 3 grade follicles were appeared to be $122.5{\pm}40.0$. The mean number of follicle per ovary in FSH-treated group were appeared to be $22.8{\pm}7.0$($17.4%{\pm}5.3%$), $43.4{\pm}6.6$($33.2{\pm}5.1%$) and $64.5{\pm}13.0$($49.3{\pm}9.9%$) respectively at large, middle and small follicles and total number of these 3 grade follicles were appeared to be $130.7{\pm}16.6$. The mean number of follicle per ovary in PMS and HCG-treated group were appeared to be $29.7{\pm}11.0$($16.3%{\pm}6.0%$), $61.9{\pm}17.2$($33.9{\pm}9.4%$) and $91.1{\pm}28.2$($49.9{\pm}15.4%$) respectively at large, middle and small follicles and total number of these 3 grade follicles were appeared to be $182.6{\pm}32.7$. The above findings reveal that large follicles were increased 29.8% in FSH-treated group and 73.7% in PMS and HCG-treated group than those in control group and in histologic findings, proportion of atretic follicles were more increased in ovaries with more number of more developing follicles.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.406-414
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• 2003

건전 치질을 최대한 보존하고자 하는 노력의 일환으로 화학 기계적 우식 제거법이 개발되었다. 치아의 손상 없이 3차원 자료를 얻을 수 있는 미세 전산화단층촬영과 V works program을 사용하여 이 방법의 우식 제거 효능을 평가하였다. 1군은 건전 상아질, 우식 상아질, 화학 기계적 방법을 사용하여 형성된 와동벽의 밀도값을 구하여 분석하였다. 2군은 건전 상아질, 고속 회전 절삭 기구를 사용하여 형성된 와동벽, 여기에 추가로 화학 기계적 우식 제거 용액을 적용한 후의 와동벽의 밀도를 구하여 분석하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. $Carisolv^{TM}$로 우식을 제거한 후의 와동벽 상아질의 밀도값은 정상 상아질 밀도값의 81.8%이었다(p < 0.001). 2. Bur를 사용하여 우식을 제거한 경우에는 와동벽과 정상 상아질 밀도값에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p = 0.234).

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 저궤도 중형급 위성에 장착에 적합한 isoflux 방사패턴을 갖는 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나를 제안하였다. 제안된 안테나는 isoflux 방사패턴 특성을 얻기 위해 패치 아래의 접지면을 사다리꼴 모양으로 변형시켜 패치 끝의 개구면과 접지면 사이에 발생되는 프린징 필드를 조절하였다. 그리고 후방으로 방사되는 레벨을 줄이기 위해서 패치 안테나 양 끝에 cavity wall을 채택하였다. 끝으로 패치의 길이와 급전점을 조절하여 원형편파를 발생시켰다. 설계된 안테나는 S-band uplink(2.025 ~ 2.110 GHz)를 수용하도록 설계하였으며, 접지면을 포함한 안테나의 전체 크기는 $160mm{\times}160mm{\times}40mm$ ($1.1{\lambda}{\times}1.1{\lambda}{\times}0.3{\lambda}$, ${\lambda}$은 2.068 GHz의 공기 중 한 파장)를 가진다. 또한 -10 dB 대역폭은 90 MHz(4.4 %)로 목표주파수 대역을 만족시키며, 3 dB이하 축비대역폭은 18 MHz(0.9 %)로 측정되었고, 방사패턴은 isoflux 형태를 가지며, y축 편파 E-plane $46^{\circ}$에서 최대 5.31 dBi의 이득이 측정되었다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.168-178
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• 2012

본 연구는 업무용 건물에 적용되는 이중외피의 성능을 설계단계에서 평가할 수 있는 정량적인 평가방법을 정립하기 위한 기초적인 평가 수행을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 평가대상 건물을 선정하여 이중외피 적용을 위한 설계안에 대하여 이중외피 적용 전후의 연간 냉난방 부하를 동적 열부하 해석 프로그램을 이용하여 수행하였으며, 보다 현실적인 평가 결과의 도출을 위하여 CFD를 활용한 풍압계수 도출 및 이를 적용한 환기량 해석을 병행하였고, 이중외피의 환기구 및 중공층 내부의 차양 제어를 위한 모드 설정 및 제어를 통하여 이중외피의 적용 및 제어에 따른 효과를 보다 현실적으로 수행할 수 있는 기법을 제안하였다. 이를 통하여 대상 건물에 대한 이중외피 적용에 따른 연간 냉난방부하를 해석하여 적용 효과를 정량적으로 도출할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였으며, 이중외피의 형태에 따른 중공층 환경 변화를 확인하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.455-462
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the number of the growing and mature follicles in each stage of estrus cycle in mature rats. Eighteen mature rats(Sprague-Dawley, initially 190~230gm) were randomly alloted into 4 groups(proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) according to estrus cycles. The uteri and ovaries of rats were collected and then alternative sections of paraffin embedding ovaries were stained with H-E. Numbers of large, middle and small follicles or only large and middle follicles from secondary and tertiary follicles were investigated by LM photography of preparations. Small follicles were defined as secondary follicles with 2~5 cell layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, and middle follicles were defined as secondary follicles with more than 5 cell layers or with early signs of antral cavity or with more than one small cleft on either side of the oocytes and large follicles were defined as tertiary follicles with a single medium or large antral cavity. The number of follicles in a pair ovary per rat was appeared to be ranged from 207 to 370 and the mean number of these follicles was $270.4{\pm}52.6$ and the mean number of follicles per ovary was $134.9{\pm}32.0$. The mean number of large, middle and small follicles per ovary was appeared to be $16.4{\pm}4.4$($12.2{\pm}3.3%$), $36.2{\pm}8.6$($26.8{\pm}6.4%$), and $82.7{\pm}24.0$($61.3{\pm}17.8%$), respectively. The mean number of large and middle follicles in each stage group of estrus cycle was appeared to be $17.8{\pm}2.1$ and $38.3{\pm}7.4$ at proestrus stage group, $15.7{\pm}5.2$ and $38.0{\pm}10.0$ at estrus stage group, $16.5{\pm}3.5$ and $33.8{\pm}7.0$ at metestrus stage group, $16.7{\pm}5.8$ and $29.7{\pm}5.5$ at diestrus group, respectively. In histological findings of large follicles during each estrus cycle, the large follicles in proestrus group contain single small antrum, thick granulosa cell layers, and were $300{\sim}500{\mu}m$ in diameter and were growing follicles with PCNA-positive cells in the granulosa cell layers, and other luteinizing follicles of proestrus cycle stage were decreased in size and were thicker in wall thickness and more luteinized than those in metestrus and diestrus stage groups. The large follicles in estrus stage group contain thick granulosa cell layers and nonprominent cumulus-oocyte complexes in antrum, and were $400{\sim}700{\mu}m$ in diameter and were growing follicles with PCNA-positive cells in the granulosa cell layers. The large follicles in metestrus and diestrus stage groups contain enlarged antrums, thinner layers of walls and prominent cumulus-oocyte complexes, and were $700-950{\mu}m$ in diameter, and were nongrowing follicles without PCNA-positive cells or another large follicles contain cells with dark stainability and distinct boundary.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.186-195
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• 1994

Fibromatosis is benign fibroblastic proliferative lesion with abundant collagenous neo-formation located principally in the abdominal wall and in the upper and lower extremities (Masson & Soule, 1966). Wilkins and Waldron, in 1975, suggested that the title aggressive fibromatosis was a more appropriate term, reflecting the invasive characteristics of the disease. Synonyms listed were extra-abdominal desmoid, juvenile fibromatosis, aggressive infantile fibromatosis and congenital fibrosarcoma. A total of 12% of all fibromatosis arise in head and neck. Fibromatosis of the oral cavity is uncommon and is even more rare when in involve the mandibule. It is a locally aggressive fibrous tissue tumor, generally does not metastasize, but may cause considerable morbility and even death due to local infiltration. The degree of microscopic cellularity is variable, not only from tumor to tumor but also from area to area in the same tumor. Some tumors present with proliferation of mature fibroblasts and a dominating collagenous component : others may show a lack of the tumor in both types. The common histologic denominator appears to be cellular interlacing bundles of elongated fibroblasts, showing little or no mitotic activity and no pleomorphism. Mitosis are not a consistent index of malignancy when found in younger age groups. Fibromatosis still posses difficult problems of diagnosis and treatment. It is frequently recurrent and infliltrates neighbouring tissues. These lesion infliltrate widely and replace muscle, fat, and even bone with fibrous tissue of varying cellularity. Lesion representing fibromatosis in the oral cavity must be carefully evaulated by both surgeon and pathologists to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment planning. When these lesions involve bone, surgeon must be aware of the lesion's potential to perforate the cortex and expand while remaining hidden from the surgeon's view. Careful and precise clinical correlation with histologic appearance is essential to preclude misdiagnosis of fibrosarcoma yet provide surgical treatment plan that provides adequate local excision and long-term follow up. As regards cause, little is known. It is attributed to trauma or alteration in the sex hormone(Carlos, et al, 1986). Clinially, the lesion is reported to be not painful in most cases, but capable of rapid growth. The treatment is essentially surgical excision with wide margin of adjacent uninvolved tissue. Radiotherapy, hormone treatment or chemotherapy are of no use (WIkins et al, 1975 ; Majumudar and Winiarkl, 1978). We report a case of aggressive fibromatosis of 15-year-old with a lesion in the soft tissue of the parotid area that invaded the underlying bone of the mandibular body.