• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship among oil consumption, oil-tanker accidents, and economic growth, and to derive policy implications from the results. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the short term, long term, and strong causality factors pertaining to the relationship between oil consumption, oil-tanker accidents, and economic growth in Korea using time-series techniques and annual data for the 1984-2016 period. Tests for unit roots, co-integration, and Granger-causality based on an error-correction model are presented. The results show that bidirectional causality exists between oil consumption and oil-tanker accidents, between economic growth and oil consumption, and between oil-tanker accidents and economic growth. The study shows that oil was used as a core energy source during the rapid economic growth of Korea in the past, and that this caused the number of oil-tanker accidents to rise as oil consumption increased.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.195-210
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• 2007

This paper develops a consistent nonparametric test for Granger causality in the context of strong-mixing process, which covers a large class of stationary processes including ARMA and ARCH models. The previously proposed tests require absolute regularity ($\beta$-mixing) more stringent than the strong-mixing condition. We prove the consistency of the test under a high level assumption on the approximation error of U statistic by its projection. Due to the sample splitting, the test statistic we propose is asymptotically normally distributed under the null.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.67-98
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• 2012

This study suggests a set of Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) of Causality Mechanism which integrates the matter of characteristics of emerging market and its expansion strategies. In order to make CLD more objective, all causalities are articulated from recent 55 studies (2000~2012) of SSCI Top Journals. This approach is valuable in that it is a first try to draw all the causalities from rigorous literature review regarding emerging market strategy. The 5 CLDs will show and clarify the strategies of how to expand into emerging market for MNCs. In sum, political activity and institutional void is a critical factor related to characteristics of emerging market, and CSV and cultural distance should be considered as a leverage point. For all this study's contribution to clarify the causality of emerging market strategies with abundant literature review, the study has its limits in integrating and testing CLD.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2015

Every year governments spend their national budget on public health in order to reduce financial burden of individuals on health. Although it has been widely believed that the increase of public expenditure on health decreases private health expenditure, it has not been proved by analysis with real data. For better understanding, we conducted an empirical study on the real data of 17 OECD countries-Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The panel Granger-causality test is used to verify the cause-and-effect relationship between the two expenditures. As a result, public expenditure on health has a 3 to 4 year-lagged negative effect on private health expenditure in the cases of the 16 countries except for the United States.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 1988

In general relativity, analyzing causality is central to the study of black holes, to cosmology, and to each of the major recent mathematical theorems. By causality we refer to the general question of which points in a space-time can be joined by causal curves; relativistically which events can influence (be influenced by) a given event. Various causality conditions have been developed for space-times of the problems associated with examples of causality violations (2, 4). Causally continuous space-times were defined by Hawking and Sachs (5). Budic and Sachs (3) established causal completion. A metrizable topology on the causal completion of a causally continuous space-time was studied by Beem(1). Recently the region of space-time where causal continuity is violated was studied by Ishikawa (6) and Vyas and Akolia (8). In this paper we show characterization for reflectingness in terms of continuity of set valued functions. We investigate some properties of the region related to a causally continuous space-time where distinguishingness is violated, and characterize the chronology condition in terms of distinguishing-violated region.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.175-193
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine relationship between public R&D investment and private R&D investment in Korea, and to obtain policy implications of the results. To this end, the author attempts to provide more careful consideration of the causality issues by applying rigorous techniques of Granger causality. Tests for unit roots, co-integration, and Granger causality based on an error-correction model are presented. The existence of bi-directional causality between public R&D investment and private R&D investment is detected. This finding has various implications for policy analysts and forecasters. Increasing private R&D investment requires enormous public R&D investment, though there are many other factors contributing to private R&D investment, and public R&D investment is but one part of it. Thus, this study generates confidence in decisions to invest in public R&D. Moreover, this study lends support to the argument that increase in private R&D investment, ceteris paribus, gives rise to public R&D investment. Increase in private R&D investment results in greater national income to be spent on R&D investment and stimulates further public R&D investment.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-70
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• 2015

This paper examines the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on South Asian economies' output growth, utilizing recent panel cointegration testing and estimation techniques. Annual panel data on eight SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) member countries' macroeconomic variables over the period 1960- 2013 are employed in empirical analysis. Using various heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel causality tests, a bi-directional relationship between FDI and growth is found. We find evidence for both FDI-led growth and growth-induced FDI hypotheses for the South Asian economies over the sample period. Individual member countries exhibit heterogeneity in terms of the direction or existence of causality subject to their idiosyncratic economic conditions. Among various regressors, FDI, financial development, human capital, and government consumption show the most significant positive effects on output growth. As determinants of FDI, GDP, financial development, human capital, and government consumption are found significant in the region. The bi-directional causality between FDI and growth is found robust to the inclusion of other control variables and using different estimation techniques.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.141-158
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• 2001

This paper examines the causality issue between telecommunications investment and economic growth for South Korea by applying recently developed time series techniques. Tests for unit roots, co-integration, and Granger causality are presented. The results show that hi-directional causality runs from telecommunications investment to economic growth for South Korea. This means that increased telecommunications investment directly affects economic growth and an increase in real income also influences telecommunications investment. The study also discusses the implications of the results for addressing telecommunications policy in South Korea.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.217-239
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• 2018

This paper tests empirically the causal relationship between bank loans and the monetary base before and after the adoption of inflation targeting in seven Asia-Pacific countries using Toda-Yamamoto Granger non causality test and the bootstrap test for causality. The most striking finding is that the bank loans Granger cause the monetary base during the inflation targeting period in all the countries, except Japan, which was under the influence of the quantitative easing, whereas the causality appeared diverse before the inflation targeting regime. This result implies the need for the policy makers to take the endogenous nature of the money supply into account in the modern economy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.539-542
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• 2006

This study confirmed econometrically the causality of forest inventory and roundwood supply using Korean data. In general, forest inventory is included as explanatory variable in roundwood supply function. We checked whether each series is stationary or not before using it in the model, and determined whether the combination of the series is comtegrated. The relationship between forest inventory and roundwood supply was represented by bivariate vector autoregressive model. The causality of forest evidence of the causal relationship between change in forest inventory and change in roundwood supply in Korea. That is, change in forest inventory does not cause change in roundwood supply in Korea. It seems reasonable not to include forest inventory as explanatory variable in roundwood supply function in Korea.