• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.143-166
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• 2016

This study aims to consider spiritual therapeutic landscapes thought the case of catholic sacred places in Korea. The catholic sacred places, which have been a series of persecution, are distributed in 300 all over the country and can be divided into a formational type, a selective type, and a participatory type. In the formational type, the catholic sculptures are scattered here and there; but it seems that there are limits somewhat to feel the emotional stability and the experience of caring by God. Because the formational type is deserted or is built up in unnoticeable urban areas. The religious factors, for example, museums, special pray, Station of the Cross, Rosary way, statues of the Virgin Mary, catholic sculptures, etc. in the selective type are placed in the corners of the catholic sacred places to provide the opportunity of holy experience to pilgrims. But the level and the intensity of healing depends on the matter as to how much pilgrims experience religious factors voluntarily. Lastly, the participatory type means the experience of various religious factors following scheduled programs. The experience is for the group of pilgrims, not a person; and the human relationship via the religious experience spiritualizes the network of interest towards other participants. Furthermore, the spiritualized open mind towards other people becomes the power that can arrive at the emotional stability, the relief of stress, and the in-depth and authentic healing. Ultimately, the spiritual healing through religious factors is to realize human finitude and dedicate one's own self to God; in addition, the spiritual therapeutic landscapes are the place that can carry out such a spiritual ritual without any restraint.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.241-244
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• 2004

전민동 성당은 얕은 팔각뿔대 형상의 지붕을 가진 팔각기둥의 형태로 재설계되었다. 팔각기둥의 형상은 마주보는 4쌍의 벽들로 인하여 공간에서 정상파가 발생하기 쉽고, 지붕 또한 둥근 형태로 음향 초점이 발생할 수 있는 등 여러가지 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 형태의 전민동 성당에 대하여 여러 가지 음향 인자들을 예측하였고, 예측치와 측정치를 비교하였다. 사용된 음장해석 프로그램은 $CATT^{TM}$이고 예측 또는 측정된 음향인자는 RT, D50, C80 등이다. 건축물만의 특성과 전기음향설비가 포함된 음향특성을 비교하기 위하여, 무지향성 스피커를 이용한 측정과 성당에 장착된 전기음향장치를 이용한 측정을 수행하였다. 공연장과 마찬가지로 성당의 신도석에서도 음이 고르게 분포되는 것이 바람직하며, 신도석에서의 음압분포를 예측과 측정을 통하여 비교하여 보았다.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of breast self-examination (BSE) education between at education and three months. Method: The study subjects were consisted of 30 women chosen from those in a Catholic church in Seoul. The data was collected by using questionnare at two different times: immediately after the BSE education and 3 momths after. Result: At three months, women who performed BSE was 50.0% and the number of BSE practce was 2.53. There was statistically significant change on the score of the knowledge, barrier and practice between at education and three months later. Susceptibility was increased after three month, but wasn't significant different. Confidence, motivation after three months were decreased from the time of initial BSE education and wasn't significantly changed. It was found that motivation about BSE explained 44.2% of variance. Conclusion: The findings showed that the knowledge of BSE, and attitudes and practice were change between at the time of the first survey and at three months. Therefore, the intensive education about BSE can be effective to enhance women's health belief and practice to perform BSE for early detection of breast cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

This paper is aimed to clarify field technique of non-educated constructors in timber structure of korean-style secondary station(Gong-So) on the annex of catholic church. The main object of this study is Sin-Sung and Su-Bun secondary stations which post-lintel structure was 2high columns(Go-Ju) 5beams(Ryang) in Jeon-Buk area of Korea. We reached the following conclusion. Firstly, these secondary stations are required a lots of space for number of persons with the introduction of basilica plane. These plans have different intervals in the layout. Secondly, they constructed the holy space by using high columns(Nae-Jin-Go-Ju). The former problems of plan layout are sloved by reinforcement and replacement eaves and rafter of logitudinal. Thirdly, the elements showed the natural feature such as irregular wooden floor, arch-type head pentrating tie and a ceiling. In the end, we knew that non-educated constructor had found a way in the problem for accepting unreasonable work.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2014

The rule of Islam is simple: if you advance a loan, you are entitled to receive your capital only and nothing more. If you wish to secure profit you should enter into a partnership and become a shareholder. Prohibitions against interest are not peculiar to Islam. If we were to trace back through history, a number of examples of such prohibitions can be found in the early Greek, Roman and Rabinnical thought. With the decline of the influence of the Catholic Church interest transactions become legal and stimulated giant Western corporations which forged capitalist imperialism. The practice of charging interest (usury) now dominated Western law and ethics for over a millennium. But, the Western or capitalist economic system has proven a failure in its quest for economic justice, which serves to benefit all in society, both the rich and the poor. In particular, capitalism is currently causing a terrifying scenario of making the rich richer and the poor poorer due to interest charges. An alternative banking model, called Islamic finance and banking, is evoked in this study in order to depress financial exploitation by banking institutions.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.68
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• pp.375-415
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• 2021

Although the interest in Christian education of spirituality has increased recently, the practice of the education of spirituality in the Korean Church has been fragmented in the contents and methods without any clear educational purpose of the Protestant tradition. This requires a creative study to seek out the contents and method best suited to realizing the educational purpose of the Protestant tradition, through a rigorous academic methodology. This study proposes just such a creative model for the education of spirituality with an educational purpose based on the core ethos of the Protestant spirituality, integrating the long tradition of spiritual practices of Christianity. First, I survey the teachings on 'the life of faith' of the main leaders of the Protestant church, including Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Wesley. Through this process, I reveal 'liberated-ness' to be the common purpose of the Protestant leaders, and the core of the practices for that purpose are 'the means of grace,' which has a different meaning from that of the Roman Catholic tradition. I construct the meaning of 'liberated-ness' in a dynamic manner, which begins with the 'liberating will' of God, and is followed by the 'self-giving will' of the believer as the response to the 'grace' of the 'liberating will.' The contact point of these two 'wills' is what I call 'the living membrane of faith.' As a creative synthesis of the above discussions, I propose a model of 'the practice of liberated-ness' for an education in spiritual practice. The purpose of this education is for the learner to become a person who continuously experiences ever-increasing 'liberated-ness' through continuous personal 'encounters' with God, and to become ever more faithful in carrying out practices for the 'liberated-ness' of her or his neighbors. The relationship between the teacher and the learner is that of personal 'encounter' as put forth by Sherrill, and also incorporates elements of 'co-authorship' as conceptualized by Kim. I transform and rename major practices of spiritual discipline according to a principle of 'liberated-ness' based on the Protestant tradition, and these comprise the main content of my spirituality education model. They include: 'lectio divina of encounter,' 'prayer facing the Lord,' 'service in liberation,' 'reflection of liberated-ness,' and 'mutual spiritual direction.' The teaching and learning process draws on Dykstra's methods of coaching and mentoring. The key environment is that of a 'sacramental community' as defined by Moore. Evaluation can be performed only by the learner her/himself. The significance of this model is that it creatively inherits and succeeds the tradition of Christian spiritual discipline from the early church onwards by transforming it through a Protestant spirituality of 'liberated-ness.'

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.2 s.38
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• pp.57-70
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• 2004

Since Korea disclaimed to open the ports, Korean architecture has met the impetuous transformation. Although there would be various factors of this transformation, the new-coming architecture by missionary seemed to be a significant one, and many researches have been carried out on this theme in diverse viewpoints. However, because these researches have preponderated on the Catholic tradition, it is deficient for clarify the whole history of mission architecture. Therefore, this research has the meaning to enrich the history of Korean modern architecture by making balance. First of all, this paper is focused on the activities of one missionary, Graham Lee. He is a practical missionary at the beginning, his architecture made a critical influence in Korean traditional architecture. Graham Lee was born in Rock Island, Illinois, 1861, and he determined to become a missionary through grown up. He spent his boyhood by working as a plumber for his purpose and studied in a university afterward. Graduating of McComick Theological Seminary, he was nominated as a pioneer of Pyeng Yang Mission Station and set foot in Korea, September of 1892. Since then he started to erect missionary facilities in Pyeng Yang, such as Well House(1898), Pyeng Yang Central Church(1900-1901), Pyeng Yang Academy(1902). These all his works are designed with eclectic style which shows western and Korean traditional style intermingled. This unique characteristic made a profound influence to the Korean mission architecture afterwards. Especially, the L-type plan of Pyeng Yang Central Church, which is first shown by him, is recognized very unique, and this plan type had been spread all over the country. Therefore the L-type plan became the peculiar feature of the early Korean churches. Furthermore, working with Korean carpenters, he taught them new skills of modem buildings. After that, they were expanded out northern part of Korea and took the roles of master builders. According to this expansion, his particular style had got spread and had been settled as a unique eclectic style in Korean modern architecture. In the conclusion, he is evaluated to be a critical pioneer missionary, who left a big influence on the frame work of Korean modern architecture in the transitional times.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1998

ursing as a profession is characterized by its holistic, mind-body-spirit approach to the patient. Also, nurses have historically been the leaders in health education and promotion. Parish nursing has a great potential for providing primary preventive health care. services as well as assisting people to access the health care system. While working in the community, parish nurses see the church as the new arena for delivering health care services. The parish nurse program was introduced by Granger Westberg in 1984. The concept of parish nursing is based on several beliefs; health is multidimensional and affects all aspects of an individual-physical, psychological, social, and spiritaul being. Parish nursing is one model in which churches can cooperatively work with health care institutions to address the needs of their parishioners. The role of the parish nurse is emphasized in four basic area: a) health education, b) health counseling, c) referal services, and d) facilitation and organization of support groups within the congregation. The parish nurse programs work chiefly in congregation or commuity where a certain language of faith is ready at hand. This means that the parish nurse works in an ecology of meanings and care which encourages the drawing on the message of God's grace, the practices and habits it encourages. The parish nurse may be involved in the church's health ministries and may work on either paid or volunteer basis; however, one of the most important qualification of the parish nurse is to have the nursing knowledge and skills to practice within the standards of Nursing Practice Act. The completion of standards of practice for professional nurses practicing as parish nurses had been identified as a priority by the HMA Executive Board (1996, HMA). In conclusion, parish nursing promotes health and healing by empowering the faith community, family, or individual to incorporate health and healing practices. There are several preconditions that should proceed to establish the foundation for successful development of the parish nursing program in Korea. First, reciprocal relationship with home health nursing should be considered. Second, correct terms and concepts of parish nursing should be studied and understood. Third, systematic study and investigation should be followed for further development of parish nursing. Fourth, strengths and weaknesses of different models should be studied to develop proper model of parish nursing for Korean situation. Finally, consensus of standardized education program and corporation with various religious communities as well as health institutions should be established. When these preconditions are met, the role of parish nursing as a new program for the promotion of holistic health will be established.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.521-536
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• 2016

In Catholic Cathedrals, the Liturgy space is central to the worship of the church and the player. The composition of the liturgical space affects the sensitivity of the worshiper. Because this sensitivity is connected with the faith, it is a very important consideration for planning elements. In this study, the light sensitivity of the elements that identify the most important factors in changing the devotion and in liturgical space was planned to emphasize the role of light. Understanding the meaning and importance of the liturgical space determine the spatial phase and role. Therefore, to analyze the functional and emotional properties of the light, the properties, roles and conditions of the light were organized. The data was analyzed as the target of sensitivity to light. Through the case studies of light, the effectiveness and adequacy as well as the application conditions could be understood. The results obtained in this study suggest a plan for light elements applied in the liturgical space.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2002

Objectives : To examine the relationships among health promoting lifestyle, anxiety, and self-esteem for korean immigrants in New York. Methods : The study included 425 adults aged 18 and over, who were chosen from Korean church and social organizations located in New York. The data were collected from April to July, 1996 using self-administered questionnaires. Data analyses were conducted using stepwise multiple regression, Pearson's correlation coefficients, 1-test, and ANOVA. Results : Health promoting lifestyle was significantly different by age, religion, occupation, and the length of residence. Those insured and those with no current medial diagnosis revealed significantly higher score in health promoting lifestyle than their counterparts. As for the level of anxiety, significant differences were found by educational level, marital status, occupation, income, and the length of residence. Self-esteem varied significantly by education, marital status, occupation, income, and the length of residence. Those with no current medical diagnosis and those insured experienced significantly higher level of self-esteem than their counterparts. Negative correlations were observed between health promoting lifestyle and anxiety. Perceived health status at present was positively correlated to perceived health status in the future. Health promoting lifestyle was significantly predicted by anxiety, age, and insurance. Conclusions : The above findings suggested that it is necessary to develop programs improving the perceived health status and lowering the level of anxiety. In this context, further researches on the relation between health promoting lifestyle and anxiety is required.