• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.273-302
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• 2006

The introduction of cash payments for care is a distinct trend that characterizes changes in care policies since the 1990s. Recently, many developed countries have newly introduced or extended cash payments for care that allow care users to be able to plan themselves for their cares instead of receiving direct care services from the state. Cash payments for care can be said to be one of the alternative policies by which user choices are extended, and it becomes possible to establish demand-cantered care delivery systems more economically and effectively, hence addressing the issue of the financial limitations and rigid systems that are common in modern welfare states, which make it difficult to response to various needs. However, the design and administration of cash for care vary across different countries. Such variations of cash for care policies influence on the combination of consumerism (based on liberal market values intrinsic in the care market) and citizenship based on social solidarity. Those variations eventually produce impacts on the balance of responsibilities and the roles of families, the state and market regarding care in other words, balancing of welfare pluralism. This paper has attempted to find general meanings and particularity of cash for care polices in modem welfare states by means of looking at the characteristics of cash for care policies of four different countries (Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy) and their impacts on their care market. If the four countries are ranked by the degree that they emphasize citizenship in light with social rights, the Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy could be placed in due order. From an economic point of view and in terms of cost containment, those countries will be placed in an inverse order, It is apparent that in the course of planting cash for care policies in the existing social systems involving different socio-cultural conditions and labour markets, sometimes more emphasis is placed on the citizenship of care users, family carers and care providers than on cost containment issue, and sometimes vice versa. Behind this lies the process of different social valuation on what care is about; who can better deliver care; who should be responsible for care; how responsibilities should be shared and so on.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.495-503
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• 1992

The internal and external outputs of the agricultural sub-systems of mixed livestock-crop farms in Pabna Bangladesh were analysed, to clarify the multiple functions of cattle in farm systems. Production systems with grazing areas were relatively more productive than those with no grazing. There was a tremendous variation in farm income, largely because of land area. An increase of one ha in land area was estimated to boost farm income by about 50%. Number of cattle, cattle off-take percentage and milk off-take per average cow related positively to farm income. As land area decreased the relative importance of cattle production increased. Crops were dominant in producing food for home consumption. Cattle contributed only 5-6 per cent to home consumption. Cattle supplied a significant cash income: 45 per cent in the villages with grazing areas and 57 per cent in the other villages. In future, the cash output from cattle will decline and emphasis will shift to the role of cattle in supporting crop production. Any research or development strategy for livestock needs to focus first on the importance of the complex relation between livestock and crops.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.104-122
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• 2010

Long-term care insurance has been introduced in Korea a year ago, and we are in a stage requiring to set principles regarding the generosity of coverage and how to gradually extend the coverage. This study empirically analyzes how the long-term care insurance in Korea is operated. Special attention is given to who is the main beneficiary of the long-term care insurance introduction, and what is the factors influencing the elderly's decision to apply for or use long-term care services. Use of a detailed information of individuals' public health insurance and long-term care insurance from administration data made it possible to control for health status, socioeconomic status including family type, housing tenure, income level. Logit models were employed to analyze the effects of various socioeconomic factors on the likelihood of applying and using long-term care services. Also, this study employed a survey questioning whether to ever willing to take other option as a alternative to residential care or home-care and the level of cash benefit for which they are willing to replace the formal care with informal care. The result indicated that although the poorest elderly population groups are in the greatest need for the long-term care service, they are in difficulty using the service due to economic burden. This implies the copayment amount needs to be adjusted in order for the poor elderly group to be able to get the benefit of the long-term care service.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2014

While traditional benefit plan offers the same benefits to employees regardless of their needs, cafeteria benefit plan or flexible benefit plan allows staff to choose from a variety of benefits to formulate a plan that best suits their needs. Cafeteria plan options may include health and accident insurance, cash benefits, tax advantages and/or retirement plan contributions. In this paper, we analyzed conditions and problems of domestic firms' current benefit plans and draw a resolution by introducing cafeteria plan by investigating related previous studies, Specially we focused on A airline which is typical service firm and is regarded as one that benefit plan can be very influential to employees compared to other firms.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.57-82
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• 2007

Rebuilding an existing paper machine is often a very profitable way for papermakers to increase the cash flow created by an older paper machine. In Metso Paper we have placed particular emphasis in recent years on developing concepts and products specifically for rebuild needs. The outcome of this work can now be seen as a wide selection of products offering quite possibly the best coverage of all time of specific improvement targets. Different needs can be addressed through truly different solutions. Selecting the best-fit alternatives will offer great upgrade options for all paper machines and paper grades. Metso Paper's long experience with high-speed paper machines has been put to good use to create more cost-effective small and mid-sized solutions with the reliability and quality of bigger and faster paper machines. This paper has discussed some of the most interesting and latest configurations available today for paper machine rebuilds.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.131-151
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• 2006

Rebuilding an existing paper machine is often a very profitable way for papermakers to increase the cash flow created by an older paper machine. Metso Paper has placed particular emphasis in recent years on developing concepts and products specifically for rebuild needs. The outcome of this work can now be seen as a wide selection of products offering quite possibly the best coverage of all time of specific improvement targets. Different needs can be addressed through truly different solutions. Selection the best-fit alternatives will offer great upgrade options for all paper machines and paper grades. Metso Paper's long experience with high-speed paper machines has been put to good use to create more cost-effective small and mid-sized solutions with the reliability and quality of bigger and faster paper machines. This paper has discussed some of the most interesting and latest configurations available today for paper machine and finishing area rebuilds.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.70-80
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• 2008

Rebuilding an existing paper machine is often a very profitable way for papermakers to increase the cash flow created by an older paper machine. Metso Paper has placed particular emphasis in recent years on developing concepts and products specifically for rebuild needs. The outcome of this work can now be seen as a wide selection of products offering quite possibly the best coverage of all time of specific improvement targets. Different needs can be addressed through truly different solutions. Selecting the best-fit alternatives will offer great upgrade options for all paper machines and paper grades. Metso Paper's long experience with high-speed paper machines has been put to good use to create more cost-effective small and mid-sized solutions with the reliability and quality of bigger and faster paper machines. This paper has discussed some of the most interesting and latest configurations available today for paper machine and finishing area rebuilds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1680-1688
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• 2008

Development of village chicken production can be a sustainable way of helping to meet the welfare needs of rural populations and raise their living standards. There is a dearth of information on research conducted to characterize, understand and develop the village chicken production systems in Zimbabwe. This review focuses on constraints, opportunities and research needs for the improvement of village chicken productivity in Zimbabwe. Village chicken production in Zimbabwe is extensive and dominated by indigenous chickens that exhibit remarkable adaptation to local environments. The multitude functions of village chickens, which include the provision of high quality protein meat and eggs, cash through sales and socio-cultural roles, are discussed in detail. Human gender aspects in village chicken production are highlighted. The factors that hamper village chicken productivity are reviewed together with opportunities and research needs. The major constraints include shortage of feed, poor health and housing management. Any improvements in these constraints may lead to sustainable increase in village chicken productivity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.77-92
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• 1995

The initiative to determine farmland use has been transferred to local side under the decentralized government system in Korea. New Land Act and Rural Development Act support it. Changes in external and internal environments of Korean agriculture require to diversify farmland use. Lpcal development plan may be implemented when specific farmland use plan is prepared. However, (armland use planning has not been prepared by the local governments yet. This study aims to identify problems encountered in current farmland use and suggest directions of effective and reasonable farmland use planning relevant to local conditions. Questionnaire method was used to prove topographical differences of community land demand, Statistical analyses show that farmers desire to utilize marginal farmland for income increase. Growing grass(42.0%) and cash crops(41.7%) was greatly demanded by them. They were generally eager for developing touristic farm (52.1 % ). By topographical characteristics, the eager was greatest in coastal areas, on the contrary, it was relatively low in mountainous areas. There were more farmers who want to expand their farmland in rice farming(48.4%) or rice-horticulture farming(46.9%) areas. Potential retirer among farmers were most in suburban areas, However, it was expected that there would be the highest retirement rate in rice farming areas because of the high rate of aged farmers. Farmland use planning should be incorporated into food production policies and community people's needs for income increase and life improvement. Agriculture promotion areas must be maintained for scale optimized farming and cash crop farming as much as possible. However, minimum portion for other uses in each village or farming community unit should be adopted. Less favored areas will have to be utilized for both agriculture and non-agriculture uses. Priority can be put into touristic resorts as a non-agriculture use. Furthermore, such areas can be used for sustainable agriculture as well as for residence, industry, animal breeding.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.213-224
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• 1997

Emergency funds are usually identified as liquid assets because they are easily and quickly converted to cash for the needs of unexpected expenses. Empirical studies spplirf got American Households have found that most households do not have recommend levels of liquid savings and an analysis of the 1990 survey of consumer expenditures confirms revious findings. Family Income and Expenditure Survey in Korea is the data base for this study and the level of emergency fund as a flow asset is investigated. A three period model of optimal consumption is presented. The results suggest that many consumers who do not have the recommend levels of liquid assets may be acting rationally. The results may be useful for financial counselors and educators. as well as for insight into empircial patterns of savings.