• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권5A호
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• pp.432-440
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• 2011

4세대 이동통신에서 LTE-Advanced 시스템은 최대 1Gbps의 전송 속도를 구현하기 위해 최대 l00MHz의 넓은 주파수 대역을 필요로 한다. 그러나 현재의 상태에서는 이러한 넓은 대역의 주파수를 얻기가 힘들어 대안으로 여러개의 조각난 대역을 합쳐서 사용하는 Carrier Aggregation기법이 제안되었다. 기본적으로 Carrier Aggregation과 같이 다중 대역을 통해 수신되는 신호는 대역별 여러 개의 수신기를 이용해 각각의 대역별로 병렬 수신 처리하는 Multi-Chain방식이 사용되는데 이는 효과적인 방법이 아니다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는, Time division Multiplexing(TDM)방법을 이용하여 단일 수신기로 수신할 수 있는 방법을 연구한다. TDM 방식은 수신된 여러 대역의 신호를 시간적으로 나누어 수신하고 하나의 DSP를 통해 처리할 수 있는 방식이다. 그런데, 이러한 TDM 방식 기반에서는 Sampling Timing Offset (STO)에 의하여 심각하게 성능 왜곡이 발생하게 된다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 TDM 방식 기반에서 발생하는 샘플링 타이밍 오프셋의 영향을 분석한다. 그리고 그 분석을 통해 구한 STO 추정 값을 이용하여 보상하는 방법을 제안한다. 마지막으로 시뮬레이션을 통해 BER 성능을 확인하고 제안된 시스템이 OFDM 기반의 시스템에서 다중 대역을 단일 수신기로 수신하는 방법에 적합함을 보인다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.335-338
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• 2006

Methylglyoxal (MG) is an endogenous physiological metabolite which is present in increased concentrations in diabetics. MG reacts with the amino acids of proteins to form advanced glycation end products. In this in vitro study, we investigated the effect of MG on the structure and function of ceruloplasmin (CP) a serum oxidase carrier of copper ions in the human. When CP was incubated with MG, the protein showed increased electrophoretic mobility which represented the aggregates at a high concentration of MG (100 mM). MG-mediated CP aggregation led to the loss of enzymatic activity and the release of copper ions from the protein. Radical scavengers and copper ion chelators significantly prevented CP aggregation. CP is an important protein that circulates in plasma as a major copper transport protein. It is suggested that oxidative damage of CP by MG may induce perturbations of the copper transport system and subsequently lead to harmful intracellular condition. The proposed mechanism, in part, may provide an explanation for the deterioration of organs in the diabetic patient.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to develop new protein/peptide depot system instead of poly(DL-lactic acid-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. Pullulan was chemically modified by the addition of acetic anhydride (pullulan acetate; PA) and then investigated as new depot system for protein/peptide delivery. PA microspheres (PAM) with lysozyme as a model protein were prepared by w/o/w double emulsion method. The microspheres had a mean size of 10-50 mm with a spherical shape. The size distributions reduced with increasing the degree of acetylation. The loading efficiency of lysozyme was also increased. Lysozyme aggregation behavior in the microsphere was monitored to estimate the change of protein stability during preparation step. The ratios of protein aggregation in PAMs are lower than that of PLGA microsphere, in particular, PA 5 showed lowest as about 16%. The result indicated that the increase of acetylation suppressed the aggregation of protein. The release profiles of lysozyme from PAMs were significantly different. High acetylation effectively improved lysozyme release kinetics by reducing initial burst release and extending continuous release over a period of time. To check the effect of preservation for structural stability of lysozyme, the activity of lysozyme released from PA 5 was also observed. The activity of lysozyme was maintained almost 100% for 25 day. Therefore, PAM may become to a useful carrier for delivery of protein/peptide drugs, if it will be supported by biocompatibility and biodegradability results.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2005

Green-light emitting $BaMgAl_{10}O_{19}:Mn^{2+}$ (BAM:Mn) phosphor particles were prepared by spray Pyrolysis. The effect of reactor temperature and flow rate of carrier gas in the spray Pyrolysis on the morphology, crystallinity and photoluminescence characteristics under vacuum ultraviolet were investigated. The morphology of the as-Prepared Particles obtained by spray Pyrolysis had spherical shape and non-aggregation characteristics regardless of the reactor temperature. The spherical shape of the as-prepared Particles obtained by spray pyrolysis at low temperature disappeared after Post-treatment. On the other hand the as-Prepared Particles obtained by spray Pyrolysis at $1600^{\circ}C$ maintained spherical shape and non-aggregation characteristics after post-treatment at $1400^{\circ}C$ for 3 h under reducing atmosphere. The BAM:Mn Phosphor Particles Prepared by spray Pyrolysis at different reactor temperatures had pure crystal structure and high photoluminescence intensities under vacuum ultraviolet after post-treatment. BAM:Mn phosphor particles prepared by spray Pyrolysis at low How rate of carrier gas had complete spherical shape and filed morphology and high photoluminescence intensity after post-treatment under reducing atmosphere.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.45-59
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• 2023

In this paper, to optimize the average delay and power allocation (PA) for system users, we propose a resource scheduling scheme for wireless networks based on Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) according to the first fifth-generation standards. For delay minimization, we solve a throughput maximization problem that considers CPOFDM systems with carrier aggregation (CA). Regarding PA, we consider an approach that involves maximizing goodput using an effective signal-to-noise ratio. An algorithm for jointly solving delay minimization through computation of required user rates and optimizing the power allocated to users is proposed to compose the resource allocation approach. In wireless network simulations, we consider a scenario with the following capabilities: CA, 256-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, millimeter waves above 6 GHz, and a radio frame structure with 120 KHz spacing between the subcarriers. The performance of the proposed resource allocation algorithm is evaluated and compared with those of other algorithms from the literature using computational simulations in terms of various Quality of Service parameters, such as the throughput, delay, fairness index, and loss rate.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.1879-1888
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• 2015

본 논문은 현 3GPP REL-13 에서 논의 중인 LAA(License Assisted Access) 기술 하에서, 5 GHz 비면허 대역에서 LTE 시스템과 기존 무선 통신 시스템(e.g Wi-Fi) 간의 공존 문제 분석을 기술한다. LAA 기술은 면허대역의 도움 하에 면허 대역과 비면허 대역간의 반송파 집성(Carrier aggregation, CA)을 통하여 대역폭 증가를 통한 전송률 증가를 얻기 위한 기술이다. 반면 이러한 LAA 기술은 비면허 대역에서의 규제 조건을 만족함과 동시에, 해당 비면허 대역에 존재하는 기존 Wi-Fi 시스템과의 공존에 대한 연구가 필수적이다. 본 논문은 LAA 시스템과 Wi-Fi 시스템이 효율적으로 공존할 수 있도록 비면허 대역 LTE 시스템과 인접 대역 Wi-Fi 시스템 간의 간섭분석을 통하여, 비면허 대역에서 동작하는 LTE 시스템이 기존 Wi-Fi 시스템에 미치는 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 인접 채널 간섭에 대한 RF 요구사항을 간섭 분석 연구를 통하여 도출하였다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2004

We have synthesized various types of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-ibuprofen conjugates by nucleophilic substitution of bromo-terminated PEG with ibuprofen-Cs salt. The conversion of the terminal hydroxyl groups to bromo-termini was quantitative, as was the drug conjugation process, which suggests that the present synthetic method is very useful for the preparation of PEG-based prodrugs from pharmaceuticals having carboxyl functionalities. The drug-release behavior of the prodrugs was examined in both phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) and rat plasma. From the drug-release behavior in PBS, we determined that each prodrug has high storage stability. The drug-release rate was observed to be much faster in rat plasma than in buffer solution as a result of the acceleration effect provided by enzymes present in the plasma. The drug-release rate in rat plasma depends on the degree of molecular aggregation of the prodrugs, which can be changed effectively by the nature of their spacer groups or by the use of Pluronic as the polymer carrier.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 1993

The surface of cyarabine-entrapped albumin microspheres, the surface modified albumin microspheres hsowed remakably incrased hydrophilicity, good dispersability in aqueous medium and reduced aggregation during storage which met the requirements of injectable drug carriers in acqueous vehicle. In vitro cytarabine release from hydrophilic albumin microspheres (HAM) was a function of the cytarabine to albumin ratio, whereas no significant difference in the releasing capacity was obnserved between surface modified HAM within the small size range$(2\;to\;5\mu{m)}$ studied. HAM containing 15-23% drug were gradually degraded by protease and continuously released up to 60% of the total entrapped cytarabine for 6h. These results thus suggest that HAM is a suitable cytarabine carrier which may be injected intraveneously with the benefits of a reduced risk of blood embolism induced by aggregates and prolonged cytarabine release.

• 정보와 통신
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.12-16
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• 2013

2013 년을 기점으로 우리나라는 물론이고 해외 각국에서도 5G 에 대한 본격적인 준비에 돌입하고 있다. 산업 측면에서 볼 때, 본격적인 4세대 표준인 LTE-Adv. 기술의 중요기능 중의 하나인 Carrier Aggregation 이 이미 우리나라에서 상용서비스 중이고 다양한 장비 및 단말 들이 출시되고 있는 등, 본 궤도에 들어섰다고 볼 수 있기 때문에 자연스럽게 차세대 기술을 고려할 때가 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 본고에서는 1장에서는 5G 표준화를 전망해 보고, 2장에서는 해외 각국의 5G 관련 대응 노력들을 분석하며, 3장에서는 5G 시대를 겨냥한 활발한 국제 협력 움직임에 대해서 정리해 보고 결론으로는 우리나라가 갖추어야 할 준비사항에 대해서 제안해 본다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1369-1376
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• 2006

Self-organized nanogels were prepared from pullulan/biotin conjugates (PU/Bio) for the development of an effective anticancer drug delivery system. The degree of biotin substitution was 11, 19, and 24 biotin groups per 100 anhydroglucose units of pullulan. The physicochemical properties of the nanogels (PU/Bio1, 2 and 3) in aqueous media were characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The mean diameter of all the samples was less than 300 nm with a unimodal size distribution. The critical aggregation concentrations (CACs) of the nanoparticles in distilled water were $2.8{\times}10^{-2},\;1.6{\times}10^{-2}$, and $0.7{\times}10^{-2}mg/ml$ for the PU/Bio1, 2, and 3, respectively. The aggregation behavior of the nanogels indicated that biotin can perform as a hydrophobic moiety. To observe the specific interaction with a hepatic carcinoma cell line (HepG2), the conjugates were labeled with rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) and their intensities measured using a fluorescence microplate reader. The HepG2 cells treated with the fluorescence-labeled PU/Bio nanoparticles were strongly luminated compared with the control (pullulan). Confocal laser microscopy also confirmed internalization of the PU/Bio nanogels into the cancer cells. Such results demonstrated that the biotin in the conjugate acted as both a hydrophobic moiety for self-assembly and a tumor-targeting moiety for specific interaction with tumor cells. Consequently, PU/Bio nanogels would appear to be a useful drug carrier for the treatment of liver cancer.