• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1393-1401
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• 2010

In this experimental study, we have examined the correlation between a human carpal motion and a surface electromyogram. The carpal motion patterns have been identified and the main muscles involved in the carpal motion have been determined by investigating the anatomical structure of a carpal. The torque acting against the carpal motion has been applied by using a device for carpal rehabilitation training, and the surface electromyogram signal corresponding to the torque at the main muscles has been measured. The root-mean-square (RMS) magnitude of the surface electromyogram signal has been calculated and used to analyze the correlation between the surface electromyogram signal and carpal motion. The experimental results have proved that for carpal torque values below $0.1\;N{\cdot}m$, the RMS magnitude of the surface electromyogram signal is linearly proportional to the carpal torque magnitude and that the carpal torque magnitude is linearly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the carpal muscles. Further, the analysis of the contribution of each muscle to the carpal motion has shown that the contribution of the most dominant muscle is consistently 60%. These three results can be applied to develop more sophisticated devices or robots for carpal rehabilitation training.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2011

The primary purpose of this study was to analyze the motion of the scaphoid, capitate, and lunate during dart-throwing motion by three-dimensional modeling. Five series of CT images of five normal right wrists were acquired from five motion steps from radial extension to ulnar flexion in the dart-throwing motion plane. Segmentation and three-dimensional modeling of bones from CT images was performed using Analyze. Distances among centroids of the scaphoid, capitate and lunate and angles between principal axes of three carpal bones were calculated to analyze the motion by using MATLAB. As the wrist motion changed from radial extension to ulnar flexion, the distance between two adjacent bones decreased. The scaphoid and lunate rotated less than the capitates during dart-throwing motion. This study reports the Three-dimensional in vivo measurement of carpal motion using CT images.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate impact of wearing low-level current wrist guards on pain scale, range of motion (ROM), and muscle strength in elderly women with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). Subjects were 12 elderly women aged between 65 and 85 years who were diagnosed with CTS symptoms. Measurements included grip strength and wrist ROM. Wrist ROM was assessed through flexion and dorsiflexion. Wrist guards were worn. After two weeks, pain level was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results showed a significant reduction in VAS score in the MES group after stimulation, whereas there was no difference in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in ROM between the MES group and the control group. Grip strength increased in the MES group after two weeks (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, clinical trials suggest that MES wrist guards might be provided as an adjunctive treatment method for CTS patients. This study provides foundational data for the design and use of auxiliary devices such as gloves in the field of MES research for pain reduction, ROM improvement, and muscle strength enhancement resulting from CTS.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.750-754
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• 2022

Trigger wrist, characterized by a clicking or snapping sensation around the wrist joint during finger or wrist motion, and bifid or trifid median nerve, which occurs in carpal tunnel syndrome along with anatomical variation of median nerve, are rare conditions. We report the case of a patient with a thickened tendon caused by severe tenosynovitis and flexor tendon subluxation to the hamate hook due to bowing of the flexor retinaculum, thereby resulting in trigger wrist as well as an anatomical median nerve variation (bifid median nerve in the right wrist and trifid median nerve in the left wrist). A 59-year-old housewife visited our hospital with bilateral fingertip numbness, tingling sensation, and aggravated severe night cramping that began 2 months ago. She also complained about trigger wrist during small finger flexion. Based on magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and nerve conduction study, trifid median nerve and bilateral severe median nerve neuropathy of the wrist were diagnosed; therefore, transverse carpal tunnel release and exploration under wide-awake anesthesia were planned. Intraoperative findings showed trifid and bifid median nerves in left and right wrists, respectively. Additionally, bowing of flexor retinaculum and severe flexor tendon tenosynovitis were observed. Tenosynovitis with thickened flexor sheath resulted in subluxation of the small finger flexor tendon above the hamate hook. After transverse carpal ligament release with antebrachial fascia release and tenosynovectomy, subluxation of the flexor tendon was resolved. At 6 months postoperatively, the tingling and dullness in fingertips also resolved, and no trigger wrist or any other complications were noted.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2004

It has been suggested in research results thai dental hygienists have high risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, mainly caused by the repeated motion of extensor and flexor or the use of vibration tools, compared to other occupations. To find out the situation of the carpal tunnel syndrome of dental hygienists, who are exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders, this study used 132 questionnaires given on May 22, 2004, the period of continuing education of the first half year in the Gwangju Jeonnam area, and obtained the following results. 1. Subjects worked at a dental ciinic(32.6%), a hospital(31.8%), and a public health center(35.6%). Age by work was under 24 in a clinic(17.4%) and a hospital(15.9%), and over 30 in a public health center(35.6%). 2. In practice conducted over one time a day, a scaling accounted for 90.7% in a doctor's office; 595% in a hospital; and 3.0% in a public health center, suggesting significant difference(p<0.01). Pit and fissure sealant accounted for 53.5% in a clinic; 53.2% in a hospital; and 95% in a public health center, also suggesting significant difference(p0.01). 3. Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome appeared in a wrist(12.1%), a right hand(14.4%), and a left hand(5.3%). 4. In case of temporary crown practice, symptoms appeared in a wrist(22.0%), a right hand(14.0%), and a left hand(4.0%), suggesting significant difference(p<0.01). The above results showed that 12.1% of dental hygienists was exposed to carpal tunnel syndrome. Thus, it is considered very important that dental hygienists should be given education of the danger of continuous work in certain motions and prevention education of improving repeated position, and make efforts to reinforce self-control ability.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.377-380
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• 2011

Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomic relationships between neurovascular structures and the transverse carpal ligament so as to avoid complications during endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery. Methods : Twenty-eight patients (age range, 35-69 years) with carpal tunnel syndrome were entered into the study. We examined through wrist magnetic resonance imaging in three different positions (neutral, radial flexion, and ulnar flexion) and determined several anatomic landmark (distance from the hamate hook to the median nerve, ulnar nerve, and ulnar vessel) based on the lateral margin of the hook of the hamate. The median nerve and ulnar neurovascular structure were studied with the wrist in the neutral, ulnar, and radial flexion positions. Results : The ulnar neurovascular structures usually passed just over or ulnar to the hook of the hamate. However, in 12 hands, a looped ulnar artery coursed 0.6-3.3 mm radial to the hook of the hamate and continued to the superficial palmar arch. The looped ulnar artery migrates on the ulnar side of Guyon's canal (-5.2-1.8 mm radial to the hook of the hamate) with the wrist in radial flexion. During ulnar flexion of the wrist, the ulnar artery shifts more radially beyond the hook of the hamate (-2.5-5.7 mm). Conclusion : It is appropriate to transect the ligament greater than 4 mm apart from the lateral margin of the hook of the hamate without placing the edge of the scalpel toward the ulnar side. We would also recommend not transecting the transverse carpal ligament in the ulnar flexed wrist position to protect the ulnar neurovascular structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.772-773
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• 2010

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mid to long-term clinical and radiological outcome of vascularized pronator quadratus-wrapped radial bone flap arthroplasty for symptomatic advanced $Kienb{\ddot{o}}ck's$ disease. Between 1982 and 2000, 41 cases of advanced $Kienb{\ddot{o}}ck's$ disease were treated with vascularized pronator quadratus wrapped radial bone flap arthroplasty. There were 17 men and 24 women, with a mean age of 39 years at the time of operation. According to Lichtman's classification, there were 13 stage IIIb and 28 stage IV patients. The duration of follow-up averaged 6.1 ($3{\sim}22$) years. We assessed the clinical outcome by subjective pain and active range of motion of the wrist, and evaluated the radiologic outcome by using carpal height ratio and radioscaphoid angle. Postoperatively, all patient reported an improvement in their symptoms. The mean active extension and flexion were improved by $9^{\circ}$ and $6^{\circ}$, respectively (p<0.05). The carpal height ratio was decreased from a mean of 0.52 to 0.48, and the radioscahpoid angle was increased from a mean of $61^{\circ}$ to $66^{\circ}$, but the differences were not significant statistically. Vascularized pronator quadratus-wrapped radial bone flap arthroplasty improves the wrist motion and may prevent serious carpal collapse in advanced $Kienb{\ddot{o}}ck's$ Disease.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.7-17
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• 2004

Individuals who propel wheelchairs have a high prevalence of upper extremity injuries (i.e., carpal tunnel syndrome, elbow/shoulder tendonitis, impingement syndrome). Musculoskeletal injuries can result from overuse or incorrect use of manual wheelchairs, and can hinder rehabilitation efforts. To better understand the mechanisms of upper extremity injuries, this study investigates the motion of the wrist during wheelchair propulsion. This study also examines changes in the variables that occur with fatiguing wheelchair propulsion to determine how the time parameters of wheelchair propulsion and the state of fatigue influence the risk of injury. A two dimensional (2-D) analysis of wrist movement during the wheelchair stroke was performed. Twenty subjects propelled a wheelchair handrim on a motor-driven treadmill at two different velocities (50, 70 m/min). The results of this study were as follows; The difference in time parameters of wheelchair propulsion (cadence, cycle time, push time, recovery time, and PSP ratio) at two different velocities was statistically significant. The wrist kinematic characteristics had statistically significant differences at two different velocities, but wrist radial deviation and elbow flexion/extension had no statistically significant differences. There were statistically significant differences in relation to fatigue in the time parameter of wheelchair propulsion (70 m/min) between initial 1 minute and final 1 minute. The wrist kinematic characteristics between the initial 1 minute and final 1 minute in relation to fatigue had statistically significant differences but the wrist flexion-extension (50 m/min) had no statistically significant differences. According to the results, the risk of musculoskeletal injuries is increased by fatigue from wheelchair propulsion. To prevent musculoskeletal injuries, wheelchair users should train in a muscle endurance program and consider wearing a splinting/grove. Moreover, wheelchair users need education on propulsion posture, suitable joint position, and proper recovery patterns of propulsion.

• International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine about dental hygienists' myofascial pain syndrome, lower back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), medial and lateral epicondylitis, hand-arm vibration syndrom and work-related musculoskeletal syndrome (WMSD) experience and hygienists' posture, motion. Methods: The self-administered questionnaire was surveyed from June 1 to September 30 of 2018 targeting 280 dental hygienists in Gyeongnam province and 266 dental hygienists' answers were analyzed. Results: The average daily working hours of a dental hygienist was more than eight hours 59.0%, with an average of 33 patients per day. The average number of patients who receive treatment for more than 30 minutes is 15. The angle of motion of the subjective evaluation was above 60%. Medical position and form of movement were more than 50% above the standard level. Symptoms of posture and motion that cause WMSD were hand-arm vibration syndrome 68.1%, myofascial pain syndrome 58.6%, lower back pain 51.1%, CTS 50.4% in order. Experience WMSD related symptoms which dental hygienists experience were myofascial pain syndrome 92.9%, CTS 57.9%, lower back pain 56.4%, medial and lateral epicondylitis 37.2%, hand-arm vibration syndrome 24.4%. Conclusion: The above results showed the posture and motion of dental hygienists and were found that the experience rate which dental hygienists experience WMSD of myofascial pain syndrome, Lower back pain, and CTS was significantly more than 56%.