• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.503-512
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• 1998

Fine structure of the cutaneous pigments in the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans are studied with light and electron microscopes. The cutaneous pigments are only observed in epidermal layer just beneath the cuticle. These pigments are compactly distributed around the spinnerets which located at caudal area of the abdomen. According to the fine structural characteristics of the pigment granules, two main types of guanine pigment granules-carotenoid vesicles and reflecting platelets - are observed in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Morphological features of these pigment granules are characterized as the electron dense carotenoid vesicles and the electron lucent reflecting platelets. Marginal electron density of the carotenoid vesicle is different from that of internal region, whereas the reflecting platelets have laminated crystalline granules. Typiral structures of these pigment granules are very similar to those of invertebrate's chromatophores, especially erythrophores and iridophores. Moreover differentiation of these pigment granules are also originated from the small vesicles of Golgi complexes similarly to those of cutaneous chromatophores.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2017

The cocoon's color of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is usually white. But some are yellow, flesh and green colors because of modified characteristics. The yellow and flesh cocoons depend on carotenoid pigments, green cocoons are determined by flavonoid pigments. The cocoon's color is affected by the genes controlling penetration process from midgut to coelom and silk gland. Y (Yellow blood, 2-25.6) and I (Yellow-inhibitor, 9-16.2) genes are involved in the penetration process of carotenoid pigments from midgut to coelom, C (Outer-layer yellow cocoon, 12-7.2) and F (Flesh, 6-13.6) genes from coelom to silk gland. Therefore, the carotenoid cocoon's color depends on the genotype Y, I, C and F genes and their combination. Among them, C gene is sympathetic gene, which are known as C, CI and CD. C (Outer-layer yellow cocoon) genes make yellow cocoons on outer-layer and white cocoons on inter-layer, and CI (Inner-layer yellow cocoon) genes do yellow cocoons on inter-layer and dilute yellow cocoons on outer-layer. CD gene is known as making dilute yellow cocoons all layer. In this study, we have checked the dominance relation of C sympathetic genes among carotenoid genes for color cocoons by using strains related to the genes for color cocoons and investigated the aspect that pigments were penetrated in silk gland by action of each gene.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2004

Studies on extraction and color stability of carotenoids from astringent persimmon(Diospyros kaki) were performed to provide the basic information for the utilization of persimmon pigment as a new source of natural food colorant. The major carotenoids in astringent persimmon were beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and beta-carotene. Beta-cryptoxanthin was the first major pigment and lycopene the next. Total carotenoid content in persimmon calculated as beta-carotene equivalent was 107.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The data indicated that the astringent persimmon was a good source of carotenoid pigment. The physical and chemical stabilities of carotenoid from astringent persimmon were investigated at various conditions of temperature, pH and antioxidant. The effects of oxygen and light on the stability of carotenoid pigment has been investigated. The factors that cause the discoloration were visible light, temperature above 60, pH below 5 and oxygen. Especially, the carotenoid pigment was very sensitive to light and oxygen. Carotenoid stability was much improved with increasing nitrogen concentration in the atmosphere. Persimmon pigments have been found to be most stable at 5∼10. And tocopherol was the most effective inhibitor of the pigment discoloration.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1971

신미종(辛味種)고추의 추숙(追熟)에 따른 carotenoid 색소(色素)와 chlorophyll의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定) 고찰(考察)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 신미종(辛味種) 고추의 carotenoid 색소(色素)를 column chromatography로 6 fraction으로 분리(分離)한 다음 각(各) fraction을 다시 TLC에 의하여 54종(種)을 분리(分離)하고 그 가운데서 30종(種)을 동정(同定)하였다. 2. carotenoid색소(色素) 총량(總量)은 cli. stage에서 급증(急增)하였고 group별(別)로 보니 diol가 가장 함량(含量)이 높고 추숙(追熟)에 따른 함량증가율(含量增加率)이 가장 높았다. 3. carotenoid 색소(色素) 개별당(個別當) 함량(含量) 변화(變化)에서 주목(注目)되는 것은 phytoene이 post cli. stage.에서 감소(減少)하고 고추의 중요(重要)한 carotenoid 색소(色素)인 ${\beta}$-carotene, capsanthin, capsorubin, violaxanthin의 함량(含量)이 크게 증가(增加) 하였다. 4. chlorophyll은 a, b, total 함량(含量)이 다같이 추숙(追熟)에 따라 감소(減少)하고 post-cli. stage에서 소실(消失)하였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 1974

Bombina Orientalis(무당개구리)의 복피로부터 암적색의 색소를 추출하여 TLC 및 column chromatography 로 10여종의 carotenoid를 분리하여 visible 및 IR-spectrum을 조사하였다. 물리, 화학적 성질, chromatomatographic 성질 visible 및 IR-spectral 특성을 이용하여 주색소는 ${\beta}$-carotene과 4-hydroxy-echinenone임을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.331-335
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• 1997

The stability of carotenoid pigments extracted from Chrysanthemum petals against pH, sugar, and organic acid was investigated. The contents of total carotenoids in C. boreale and C. morifolium were 3.37mg% and 4.56mg% Per fresh weight, respectively. The elect of pH on the stability of extracted carotenoids showed that the periods reaching 50% of pigment retention were more than 5 to 6 days in pH 4, and the longer periods in pH 6 to 7 in both samples. The addition of sugars such as sucrose, sorbitol, glucose and fructose resulted in the reduction in pigment stability of C. boreale, but C. morifolium was contrast to C. boreale. However, citric acid and ascorbic acid were found to have a protective effect on both carotenoid samples extracted from C. boreale and C. morifolium.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.369-375
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• 1991

홍합과 진주담치 근육의 carotenoid를 TLC, column chromatography로 분리하고, $NaBH_4$에 의한 환원반응, $I_2$에 의한 이성화반응 및 UV-visible spectro-photometer로 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 혼합 근육의 총 carotenoid함량은 수컷이 0.4mg%, 암컷은 2.7mg%이며, 주 cartenoid는 수컷이 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$ 26.3%, pectenoxanthin 24.8% 및 mytiloxanthin 23.4%였고, 그외 pectenolone 14.0%, diatoxanthin 5.1%의 순으로 함유하며, 암컷은 mytiloxanthin 33.4%, pecteno-xanthin 22.8% 및 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$ 22.5%였고, 그외 pectenolone 9.9%, diatoxanthin 6.1%의 순으로 함유하여 서로 유사하였다. 진주담치 근육의 총 carotenoid함량은 수컷이 1.1mg%, 암컷은 3.2mg%이며, 주 carotenoid는 수컷이 mytiloxanthin 33.8%, pectenoxanthin 28.4%였고, 그외 diatoxanthin 18.1%, pectenolone 9.7%, 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$ 5.5%의 순으로 함유하며, 암컷은 pectenolone 8.7%, diatoxanthin 5.0% 및 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$ 3.1%의 순으로 함유하여 서로 유사하였다. 그러나 홍합과 진주담치의 근육 carotenoid는 암컷이 수컷보다 총 carotenoid 함량이 높은 함량치를 보였고, diatoxanthin과 3, 4, 3'-trihydroxy-7', $8'-didehydro-{\beta}-carotene$의 함량에서 차이를 보였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.243-247
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• 1976

토양(土壤)으로부터 분리동정(分離同定)된 우수(優秀)한 세포내(細胞內) 지질생성균주(脂質生成菌株)인 Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis sw-17에 대(對)하여 carotenoid생성능(生成能)을 검토(檢討)하고서 이 균주(菌株)를 $25^{\circ}C$에서 8일간(日間) 진환배양(振還培養)하여 caroteneid 색소(色素)를 추출분리(抽出分離)하여 column에 흡착(吸着)된 색소층(色素層)의 순서(順序)와 용출(溶出)하여 정제(精製)한 각색소(各色素)의 흡수곡선(吸收曲線)에 의하여 각각(各各)의 carotenoid를 확인(確認)했으며 이들의 흡광도(吸光度)를 측정(測定)하여 Beer의 법칙(法則)에 따라 참고문헌(參考文獻)의 흡광계수(吸光係數)를 사용(使用)하여 정량(定量)한 결과(結果) torularhodin 25.52%, torulene 38.16%, neuroporene 1.49%, ${\gamma}-carotene$ 9.88%, ${\beta}-zeacarotene$ 2.0%, ${\beta}-carotene$ 19.95%이었으며 ${\delta}-carotene$은 거의 흔적(痕蹟)에 가까웠다. 따라서 Rhodotonula glutinis var. glutinis sw-17의 주색소(主色素)는 torularhodin, torulene이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 1994

As the way of mass process of red pepper, extraction of oleoresin, which is labile during distribtuion and long-term storage, is alternative way to minimize markdown of red pepper quality. Changes of carotenoid pigments in modified oleoresin during cooking at high temperature were investigated. Dried red peperwas milled to 100 mesh of size particle and oily compounds were extracted by reduced pressure steam distillation. The rest part was reetracted and concentrated. The extracts were combined . The same volume of water and 4 % of polyglycerol condensed ricinoleate (PGDR) were added to the combined extract, and emulsified to make oleroesin. Capsanthin among dried red pepper, was the most abundant carotenoid (97.80mg%) followed by $\beta$ -cartoene, cryptoxanghin ,violaxanthin, crypotocapsin, and capsorubin. Oleoresin is acquiesce in the same order of raw red pepper. Transmittal of color components from raw red pepper to oleroresin was over 85% in cryptoxanthin, crytocapsin, and $\beta$ -carotene, over 70% in capsolutein and hydroxycapsolutein, and under 50% in antheraxanthin and mutatoxanthi Crytocapsin cryptoxanthin, an capsorubin in oleoresin red pepper were remained 72.1, 51.8 and 25.25, respectively, after cooking for 5hours at10$0^{\circ}C$. Color compounds were unsteady by cooking , About 90% of color compounds were destroyed by 3 hours cooking at 15$0^{\circ}C$. But, they were more thermostable under nitrogen circumstance than air one.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.310-314
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• 1980

무당개구리의 복피색소로부터 lutein monoester, torulene, $\gamma$-carotene 및 5,6-monoepoxy-$\alpha$-carotene 유사물을 분리 및 정제하여 BIS-UV 및 IR 스펙트럼 특성, 크로마토그래피적 성질 및 물리화학적 성질을 이용하여 그들의 구조를 확인하였다.