• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.397-402
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• 1985

The fermentation of various sugars by C. thermosaccharolyticum was examined under pH controlled, anaerobic condition. The kinetic model for Product formation at various sugars was the combination of growth and non-growth associated mode. In the utilization of a single sugar, glucose was the best carbon source for growth. The specific growth rate of glucose, xylose and cellobiose were 0.363 h$^{-1}$, 0.242 h$^{-1}$ and 0.144 h$^{-1}$ respectively. The production of ethanol from glucose showed a negatively growth associated mode, so the higher growth rate decreased the productivity of ethanol. The maximum concentrations of the produced ethanol were 2.42 g/l, 3.76 g/l, and 3.4 g/l on glucose, xylose, and cellobiose. No glucose was detected during cellobiose fermentation. Sequential utilization of sugars was observed in the mixtures of glucose, xylose and cellobiose. It preferred glucose, followed by xylose and then cellobiose. The presence of other sugars had little or no effect on the rate of another sugar utilization. Cell lysis at the end of fermentation occured more slowly in the mixtures of sugars than a single sugar.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine the origin of organic matter on sediment at Sindu-ri tidal flat. Grain size, organic matter, C/N ratio and the 13C and δ15N ratio were measured at three stations (Stn. A, B, C) of the tidal flat. As a result, the spatial variation in sediment properties showed that organic matter was related positively to the sediment mud content. Organic matters originating from marine particulate organic matter (marine POM) and fish farm particulate organic matter (fish farm POM) showed sedimentation of organic matters at Stn. A, sandy tidal flat, though terrestial plant (TP) and benthic microalgae (BMA) did at Stn.C, muddy tidal flat. Meanwhile, Stn. B, the intermediate property of Stn. A and C, was affected by marine POM and BMA. Furthermore, it was revealed that the amount and origin of organic matters in the sediments depended on spatial variation, and the factors were different from the stations. Particularly, at the Stn. C, the sediment showed high concentration of TOC in terrestrial organic matter and smaller size particles (< 63 ㎛). These facts suggest the many small size particles and organic matter will affect the sediment environmental condition in the Stn. C.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 1999

Hydrothermal gold deposits of the Trabong district in Vietnam occur as single-stage quartz $\pm$ calcite veins (0.3-1.2 m thick) which fill fault fractures in graphite-bearing gneiss and schist of the Chulai Complex and Kham Duc Formation of the Proterozoic age. Ore grades are 1.3 to 92.4 g/ton Au. Ore mineralogy is very simple, consisting mainly of pyrite with minor amounts of base-metal sulfides and electrum. Gold grains occur in two assemblages as follows: (1) early, Fe-rich (7.2-10.4 mole % FeS) sphalerite + electrum (50.4-64.3 atom % Au) assemblage occurring as inclusions in pyrite; (2) late, Fe-poor «4.7 mole % FeS) sphalerite + galena + electrum (47.6-81.7 atom % Au) assemblage occurring along fractures of pyrites. Based on fluid inclusion data and thermochemical considerations of ore mineral assemblages, ore minerals were formed at high temperatures (about $230^{\circ}C$ to $420^{\circ}C$) from $H_{2}O-CO_{2}(-CH_{4})$-NaCI fluids with the sulfur fugacity of about $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-10}$ atm. Fluid inclusion data also indicate that ore mineralization occurred mainly as a result of fluid unmixing accompanying $CO_2$ effervescence. Calculated oxygen and measured hydrogen isotope compositions of mineralizing waters (${\delta}^{18}O_{V-SMOW}$ values = 5.3 to 8.6$\textperthousand$, ${\delta}D_{V-SMOW}$ values = - 60 to - 52$\textperthousand$), along with the sulfur isotope compositions of vein sulfides (${\delta}^{34}S_{CDR}$ values = - 1.2 to 2.8$\textperthousand$) and carbon isotope compositions of inclusion $CO_2$ (${\delta}^{13}C_{PDB}$ values = - 4.7 to - 2.0$\textperthousand$) indicate that the high temperature (mesohypothermal) gold mineralization formed from a magmatic fluid.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.85-100
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• 2010

Devonian Cairn Formation is one of the important hydrocarbon reservoirs in Alberta, Canada. However, the Cairn Formation, outcropped in the study area, is not prospective reservoir with poor porosity and permeability by some late diagenetic processes. In this study, geochemical characteristics of the Cairn Formation were studied to use these preliminary results for advanced geological and geophysical petroleum explorations in the near future. Rock-Eval pyrolysis showed that total organic carbon content is less than 0.3 wt.%, indicating a minor amount of bitumen and/or other hydrocarbons. The carbonates in the Cairn Formation are mainly composed of subhedral and anhedral dolomites. Pore sizes in the carbonate are various, ranging from nanometer to micrometer. Clastic sediments increase in the upper and lower parts of the Cairn Formation, probably due to changing its depositional conditions. The Cairn Formation can also be divided into several intervals based on Ca/Mg ratio in dolomite and degree of amount of calcite. These could be formed by different sedimentary environment, degree of cementation and recrystallization, different saline/fresh water, etc.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.76-86
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure emissions of gases (ammonia ($NH_3$), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and odor from two shallow pit pig nursery rooms. Gas and odor reduction practices for swine operations based on the literature were also discussed. Methods: This study was conducted for 60 days at a commercial swine nursery facility which consisted of four identical rooms with mechanical ventilations. Two rooms (room 1 (R1) and room 2 (R2)) with different pig numbers and ventilation rates were used in this study. The pig manure from both the R1 and R2 were characterized. Indoor/outdoor temperatures, ventilation rates/duration, $NH_3$, $H_2S$, $CO_2$, and VOC concentrations of the ventilation air were measured periodically (3-5 times/week). Odor concentrations of the ventilations were measured two times on two days. Three different types of gas and odor reduction practices (diet control, chemical method, and biological method) were discussed in this study. Results: The volatile solids to total solids ratio (VS/TS) and crude protein (CP) value of pig manure indicated the pig manure had high potential for gas and odor emissions. The $NH_3$, $H_2S$, $CO_2$ and VOC concentrations were measured in the ranges of 1.0-13.3, 0.1-5.7, 1600-3000 and 0.0-1.83 ppm, respectively. The $NH_3$ concentrations were found significantly higher than $H_2S$ concentrations for both rooms. The odor concentrations were measured in the range of $2853-4432OU_E/m^3$. There was significant difference in odor concentrations between the two rooms which was due to difference in pig numbers and ventilation duration. The literature studies showed that simultaneous use of dietary control and biofiltration practices will be more effective and environmentally friendly for gas and odor reductions from pig barns. Conclusions: The gas and odor concentrations measured in the ventilation air from the pig rooms indicate an acute need for using gas and odor mitigation technologies. Adopting diet control and biofiltration practices simultaneously could be the best option for mitigating gas and odor emissions from pig barns.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1996

The hypothesis that calcium provoke $O_2^-$ formation by Kupffer cells and may contribute to carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$ induced liver injury was studied in SD rats. In $CCl_4-treated$ animals, hepatic malonaldehyde (nmole/gm liver) and plasma ALT (IU/ml) levels elevated significantly from $119.63{\pm}13.00$ to $268.97{\pm}14.82$ and from $17.3{\pm}0.18$ to $806.08{\pm}37.63$, respectively, compared to those in controls. Activation of Kupffer cells with high dose of retinol (250,000 IU/kg/day, po, for 7 day) significantly enhanced ALT levels, while inactivation of Kupffer cells with gadolinium chloride (7.5 mg/kg/day, ip, for 2 day) attenuated the increase of serum ALT level following $CCl_4$ treatment. Diltiazem (10 mg/kg/day, ip for 2 day) given in combination with retinol led to a marked decrease in ALT levels compare to the level in rats treated only with retinol against $CCl_4$ treatment. In order to determine any alterations in cytochrome P450 activities, the P450 content and the CYP2E1 activity were measured and all $CCl_4-treated$ rats showed significantly lower levels compared to those in controls and vehicle-treated animals. There were significant increases in glutathione peroxidase in all $CCl_4-treated$ rats except diltiazem treated groups. No difference was found among untreated and vehicle-treated rats. It is concluded that Kupffer cells contribute to $CCl_4-induced$ liver injury and that calcium antagonist attenuated the increased $CCl_4-induced$ liver injury due to activation of Kupffer cells.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1970

In order to prepare digested Protein source for the Weanling Food from soybean, an attempt was made to decompose steamed soybean protein to amino acids and peptides by protease and cellulase produced from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus sojae. In this paper, the optimum condition for digestion of soybean protein were studied and also investigated the effects of decolorization of it. As the results, followings were obtained; 1. As steaming conditions, a treatment under 15 lb of pressure and 10 minutes of heating shows most effective. 2. The optimum pH of Asp, sojae enzyme for the digestion of soybean protein is 6.0, while that of Asp. niger enzyme is 4.4. In successievly-decomposing with Asp. sojae and Asp. niger, it shows the most effective on ratio of water-soluble-nitrogen to total nitrogen and amino-nitrogen to total nitrogen than any other separate treatments. 3. The suitable amount of the enzyme solution to that of the soybean substrate paste, in volume, is 1 : 2. 4. Digestion ratio of soybean protein indicates the gradual and steady effects of increasing time of digestion, but 8 hour-digestion regarding to putrefaction was suitable. 5. The most effective decolorization was successively passed on culumns of active carbon and anion exchanger (Dowex 2-x-8) at room temperature. In separate treatments, the effective order of decolorization was as follows; (Dowex 2-x-8)>Active carborn>Amberite IR-120 6. The powder type of the soy protein source obtained by concentration below $60^{\circ}C$ contains 12.51% of moisture, 66.31% of protein, 4.25% of fat, 12.75% of carbohydrate, 4.18% of ash.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Recently, due to worldwide industralization and urbanization, natural environment has been severly damaged and global warning is worsening. Heat wave, torrential rainfall, typhoon and other natural disasters continuously occur due to global warming. Policies such as carbon emission regulation are taken into effect to solve such problems. Such global trend has affected interest to natural ecosystem and developed as a concept of ecosystem-services. This study particularly focused on ground water storage capacity among various ecosystem-services such as climate control and soil formation. It is because Korea suffers from drought and flood every year. Therefore, this study aims to understand objective numerical value of ecosystem-services value regarding ground water storage capacity of biotop classes based on relationship among precipitation, amount of evapotranspiration, and runoff of 7 regions of Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do and to convert the value into economic value. The study calculated ground water storage capacity based on relationship among precipitation, amount of evapotranspiration, and run off. Calculated amount of each capacity was 29.26 million ton($30.2mm/m^2$), 430.46 million ton($140.4mm/m^2$), 11.30 million ton($150.1.0mm/m^2$), 33 milion ton($3.0mm/m^2$). Economical value of ecosystem-service by each biotop classes appeared 4,128,800 thousand KRW ($21.32KRW/m^2$) for agricultural biotop, and 60,403,600 thousand KRW ($98.52KRW/m^2$) for forest biotop, 1,572,800 thousand KRW ($104.4KRW/m^2$) for grassland biotop, and 47,600 thousand KRW ($2.18KRW/m^2$) for bare ground biotop. The result of this study like above, it will be used as important evidentiary material to preserve natural resource effectively from various development business and policies that damages natural eco-system. Also, it is judged that ecosystem-service value by each land coverage will be used as important material for preparing legalistic institution such as establishing natural environment preservation plan, budget for alternative forest resource creation cost.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1324-1330
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• 2017

Salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), is a critical ingredient in many foods. It has roles in the flavor profiles of food products, textures of foods and preservation of foods against microbes. However, it increases risks of hypertension and is closely related to the development of cardiovascular disease. In recent years, health concerns related to sodium intake caused an increased demand for salt-reduced products in worldwide; it became necessary to develop natural salt-alternative products that are globally competitive. In a recent study, researchers succeeded in obtaining a natural salt enhancer through the hydrolysis of vegetable- and animal-matter mixtures. This study used various methods to identify and quantify peptide-containing arginine as a salt-alternative peptide (SAP) in an optimum combination. Arginine, or dipeptide-containing arginine, was analyzed as a standard substance using an NMR spectroscopy. The NMR carbon signal of the guanidine group of the standard substance was verified in a similar location (the L-arginine (Arg) was 156.8 ppm, the Arg-Alanine was 156.4 ppm and the Arg-Serine was 156.4 ppm). The results suggested that it is possible to analyze peptide-containing arginine quantitatively through the hydrolysis of vegetable- and animal-matter mixtures.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2010

In this study, we have performed several tests for composite plastic materials to be applied on interior materials of a vehicle to identify their combustion characteristics using cone calorimeter, smoke density chamber and toxicity index chamber. We have prepared a total of 12 samples for 4 major parts of a vehicle wherein each major part has 3 different materials. The results of cone calorimeter test showed ignition time of PVC sheet and PVC leather were 2s. The 8 samples showed under less than 10s of ignition time. The sample comprising Nylon and PE had the biggest maximum heat release rate of 635 $kW/m^2$. The sample comprising Rubber showed the smallest maximum heat release rate but with the biggest total heat release. The results of smoke density chamber test showed the sample that is made up with Rubber had the biggest specific optical smoke density. The sample comprising PVC leather and PUR showed the biggest VOF4 which enables the initial smoke production. The results of toxicity index test showed that all samples contained carbon dioxide content exceeding its lethal concentration. The sample comprising PVC showed high content of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. The PVC sheet showed the biggest toxicity index calculated by using lethal concentration and test results. Toxicity index of all sample wes over 1.