• Title/Summary/Keyword: Carbon particulate

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Studies on the Seasonal Variations of Plankton Organisms and Suspended Particulate Matter in the Coastal Area of Ko-Ri

  • Choe, Sang
    • 한국해양학회지
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.47-58
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    • 1972
  • Densities and composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton, concentrations of particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, and particulate inorganic matter were determined in the coastal area of Ko-ri during one year. There are peaks of densities of plankton organisms in summer, autumn, and spring Concentrations of particulate organic carbon ranged from 35 to 3,785 mg/㎥ (averaging 868mg/㎥ ), particulate organic nitrogen ranged from 4.4 to 158mg/㎥ (averaging 45mg/㎥), inorganic suspended matter ranged from 0.6 to 11.6 mg/L (averaging 5.7mg/L), and the carbon-nitrogen ratios of the suspended matter were varied from 0.5 to 231(averaging 35), with each seasonal cycle. The phytoplankton density and particulate organic carbon were possitively correlated from March to November, negatively from December to February, and the zooplankton dinsity and particulate organic nitrogen were well correlated.

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The Study on Characteristics of Collected Filter as Analysis of Carbon in Airborne Particulate Matters by Elemental Analyzer (원소분석기를 사용한 부유입자상물질중의 탄소성분 분석시 포집여지의 특성에 관한 연구)

  • 황경철;조기철;최종욱
    • Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.67-73
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    • 1995
  • In order to study of characteristics of collected filter as analysis of carbon in airborne particulate matters by Elemental Analyzer, quartz fiber filter and glass fiber filter were used. The results are followed as; There was no difference of confidence in collection rate of airborne particulate matters between quartz fiber filter and glass fiber filter. Airborne particulate matters were collected on both filters evenly and the use of quartz fiber filter is better than glass fiber filter as analysis of carbon by thermal method.

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Experimental Study on Estimation of Oxidation Rate of PM inside of Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF내 포집된 입자상 물질의 산화율 산출을 위한 실험적 연구)

  • Shim, Beomjoo;Park, Kyoungsuk;Jo, Kyuhee;Lee, Hyeongjun;Min, Byeongdu
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.98-103
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    • 2013
  • Conventional method to estimate mass of particulate matter accumulated in diesel particulate filter is to use pressure difference between upstream and downstream of the filter. Then measured pressure difference should be compared that of clean condition which is no particulate matter accumulated in DPF. During regeneration soot oxidation is also estimated by same method. This methodology, however, has demerit on accuracy because of pressure difference deviation of clean DPFs and pressure difference caused by non-carbon based PM which is different from that of caused by carbon based PM. This study suggests new methodology to estimate accumulated soot oxidation rate through exhaust gas characteristics during regeneration. Results, more high accuracy of soot oxidation was obtained by analysis of relationship between fuel mass and concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of δ13C and C/N in Suspended Particulate Organic Matter in the Gangneung Namdae Stream, Korea (강릉 남대천 부유입자유기물의 탄소안정동위원소 비와 C/N 비의 시·공간 변동)

  • Kwak, Jung Hyun;Park, Hyun Je
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.531-539
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    • 2020
  • To understand the composition, quantity, and quality of Suspended Particulate Organic Matter (SPOM) in the Gangneung Namdae Stream, Korea, we examined spatiotemporal variations in water temperature, salinity, chlorophlly a (Chl a), Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON), and carbon stable isotope (δ13C) of SPOM at six stations in June (pre-monsoon), July (monsoon), and September (post-monsoon) 2017. With increasing precipitation, the average POC and C/N values increased significantly in July than in June. In September, the values decreased with decreasing precipitation. The δ13C values showed irregular spatiotemporal fluctuations among the stations and periods, thereby suggesting a greater contribution of autochthonous organic matter to the pool of SPOM than that of allochthonous organic matter derived from upstream. In addition, the large and irregular changes in POC, C/N ratio, C:Chl a, and δ13C compared to that of PON were observed for all periods among the stations, indicating a serial discontinuity of the stream. Our results suggest that the Gangneung Namdae Stream is significantly influenced by the increase in freshwater discharge caused by heavy rainfalls during the summer monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

Characteristics in Organic Carbon Distribution in the Seamangeum Area During the Construction of Artificial Sea Dike, Korea (방조제 건설에 따른 새만금 표층 유기탄소 분포 특성)

  • Park, Jun-Kun;Kim, Eun-Soo;Kim, Kyung-Tae;Cho, Sung-Rok;Song, Tae-Yoon;Yoo, Jeong-Kyu;Kim, Seong-Soo;Park, Yong-Chul
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.75-83
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    • 2009
  • In order to understand the impacts of the construction of artificial sea dikes on carbon cycle in Samangeum area being a closed environment after April, 2006, we had measured suspended particulate matters, particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the surface water of inner Saemangeum dike from 2003 to 2006. The significant inputs of suspended particulate matter and organic carbon were mainly occurred during the wet season which suggests that most organic matter loading is concentrated within a short period of time inside the dike. The concentrations of particulate matter and organic carbon have gradually increasing every year inside of dike from the Mangyeong river estuary to Saemangeum dike, which has been closed since 2003 after the construction of the 4th dike. The particulate organic carbon increased due to the phytoplankton blooms by eutrophication. If the large portion of particulate organic matter produced in the surface water sink to the bottom sediment, this will cause the anoxic condition in this closed environment.

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Simultaneous Removal Characteristics of Particulate and Elemental Mercury in Convergence Particulate Collector (융합형여과집진장치에서의 먼지입자와 원소수은의 제거 성능 특성)

  • Park, Young Ok;Jeong, Ju Yeong
    • Particle and aerosol research
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.173-183
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    • 2010
  • The high temperature pleated filter bags which were used during this study were made of pleated nonwoven fabric of heat and acid resistant polysulfonate fibers which can withstand the heat up to $300^{\circ}C$ and have a filtration area which is 3 to 5 times larger than the conventional round filter bags. Cartridge module packed with 3 kind of the sulfur impregnated activated-carbon based sorbents were inserted in the inner of the pleated filter bag. This type of pleated filter bag was designed to remove not only the particulate matter but also the gaseous elemental mercury. The electrostatic precipitator part can enhance the particulate removal efficiency and reduce the pressure drop of the pleated filter bag by agglomerated particles to form a more porous dust layer on the surface of the pleated bag which is increased the filter bag cleaning efficiency. In addition, the most of particles are separated from the flue gas stream through the cyclone and the electrostatic precipitator part which were installed at the lower part and main body part of the convergence particulate collector, respectively. Thus reduce particulate loading of the high temperature pleated filter bags were applied in this study to analyze the removal characteristics of particulate matter and gaseous elemental mercury.

Runoff Characteristics of Refractory Organic Matters from Kyongan River Watershed during Rainfall Event and Dry Season (경안천 유역의 강우 시, 비 강우 시 난분해성 유기물질 유출 특성)

  • Kim, Taewon;Gil, Kyungik
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.397-404
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    • 2011
  • This research investigates the runoff characteristics of refractory organic matters from Kyongan river watershed. Samples were taken 27 times during dry season, 4 times during rain events and analyzed into flow rate, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), Particulate Organic Carbon (POC), Refractory Dissolved Organic Carbon (R-DOC), Refractory Particulate Organic Carbon (R-POC). R-DOC during dry season was the lowest in winter and showed a rising tendency in spring and R-POC changes less than R-DOC. The mass loading of Refractory Total Organic Carbon (R-TOC) in summer takes approximately 80% of 1 year mass loading. During rainy season, EMC of R-DOC was similar to R-DOC in dry season. But maximum EMC of R-POC was 12 times higher than that of R-POC in dry season. Results of the survey show that enhanced management of R-DOC in dry season and R-POC in rainy season is needed.

The Characteristics of suspended particulate matter and surface sediment of C, N in the Northern East China Sea ill summer (제주도 서남방 동중국해에서 하계 입자성부유물 및 표층퇴적물의 C, N 분포 특성)

  • KANG Mun Gyu;CHOI Young Chan
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.13-23
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    • 2003
  • Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments in seawater were measured in the Northern East China Sea in summer. The distribution of particulate organic carbon(POC) and particulate organic nitrogen(PON) were in the ranges of 54~481㎍/ℓ and 6~85㎍/ℓ, respectively, with relatively high level of concentrations in the western and southern sides of the study area. Also, there has been a significantly positive correlation between POC and PON, gradually increasing toward the deeper range of depth. Average C:N ratios of POC and PON of SPM were 6 in study area. The ratios of POC to PON of SPM increased as the range of depth increased, indicating nitrogen decomposes more rapidly than carbon and is considered to be influenced by the input of detritus from surface sediments. The distribution of total organic matter(TOM), total organic carbon(TOC) and total organic nitrogen(TON) in surface sediments were in the ranges of 3.1~9.6%, 0.282~0.635% and 0.022~0.069%, respectively, with relatively low range in the western and northern sides of the study area. The ratio of TOC to TON of surface sediments were in the range of 9.8~17.4(average of 13), strongly indicating the active role of the input from the terrestrial organic pollutants.

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Contribution of Marine Microbes to Particulate Organic Matter in the Korea Strait

  • Kang, Hun;Kang, Dae-Seok
    • Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.35-44
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    • 2002
  • To assess the relative contribution of bacterial and phytoplankton biomasses to particulate organic matter (POM) in the water column, microbial abundance and biomass were from two transects in the western channel of the Korea Strait in 1996. Bacterial abundance had a mean value of $5.9{\times}10^5$ cells/ml and chlorophyll-a averaged 0.14 ${\mu}g/l$. Bacterial abundance in the Korea Strait showed a positive relationship with chlorophyll-a concentration, while the distribution of POM did not covary with chlorophyll-a. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) concentrations were greater in August than in October. Bacterial carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) concentrations were greater in August than in October. Bacterial carbon and nitrogen biomasses were 7.29 ${\mu}gC/l$ and 1.24 ${\mu}gN/l$, respectively, during the study periods. Bacterial biomass was larger in October than in August due to the autumn phytoplankton bloom. Phytoplankton biomass based on chlorophyll-a was 7.67 ${\mu}gC/l$ for carbon and 1.10${\mu}gN/l$l for nitrogen. The ratio of bacterial carbon (BC) to phytoplankton carbon (Cp) averaged 0.95 in the Korea Strait in 1996. Bacteria may play a more significant role in the dynamics of POM than phytoplankton do in August, with BC/Cp ratio of 1.26. The ratio of BC to Cp increased with a decrease in chlorophyll-a concentration. Averaged over all the samples in both cruises, the contribution of microbial biomass to POC and PON was about 43% and 51%, respectively. Bacterial assemblage constituted a significant fraction of POC (21%) and PON (27%). Phytoplankton accounted for 22% of POC and 24% of PON. Microbial biomass played a more important role in the dynamics of POC and PON in October than in August due to a significant increase in microbial biomass in the southern transect (transect-B) in October by the autumn phytoplankton bloom. This study showed that marine microbes may constitute a significant part in the reservoir of POM in the Korea Strait.

Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Contributes to the Development of Carbon Black Cytotoxicity to Vascular Cells

  • Lee, Jong-Gwan;Noh, Won-Jun;Kim, Hwa;Lee, Moo-Yeol
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.161-166
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    • 2011
  • Carbon black, a particulate form of pure elemental carbon, is an industrial chemical with the high potential of occupational exposure. Although the relationship between exposure to particulate matters (PM) and cardiovascular diseases is well established, the cardiovascular risk of carbon black has not been characterized clearly. In this study, the cytotoxicity of carbon black to vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells were examined to investigate the potential vascular toxicity of carbon black. Carbon black with distinct particle size, N330 (primary size, 28~36 nm) and N990 (250~350 nm) were treated to A-10, rat aortic smooth muscle cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cell line, ECV304, and cell viability was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay. Treatment of carbon black N990 resulted in the significant reduction of viability in A-10 cells at 100 ${\mu}g$/ml, the highest concentration tested, while N330 failed to cause cell death. Cytotoxicity to ECV304 cells was induced only by N330 at higher concentration, 200 ${\mu}g$/ml, suggesting that ECV304 cells were relatively resistant to carbon black. Treatment of 100 ${\mu}g$/ml N990 led to the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) in A-10 cells. Pretreatment of antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and sulforaphane restored decreased viability of N990-treated A-10 cells, and N-acetylcysteine, but not sulforaphane, attenuated N990-induced ROS generation in A-10 cells. Taken together, present study shows that carbon black is cytotoxic to vascular cells, and the generation of reactive oxygen contributes to the development of cytotoxicity. ROS scavenging antioxidant could be a potential strategy to attenuate the toxicity induced by carbon black exposure.