• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.508-520
• /
• 2020

Dam reservoirs have been reported to contribute significantly to global carbon emissions, but unlike natural lakes, there is considerable uncertainty in calculating carbon emissions due to the complex of emission pathways. In particular, the method of calculating carbon dioxide (CO2) net atmospheric flux (NAF) based on a simple gas exchange theory from sporadic data has limitations in explaining the spatiotemporal variations in the CO2 flux in stratified reservoirs. This study was aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal CO2 distribution and mass balance in Daecheong Reservoir, located in the mid-latitude monsoon climate zone, by applying a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model (CE-QUAL-W2). Simulation results showed that the Daecheong Reservoir is a heterotrophic system in which CO2 is supersaturated as a whole and releases CO2 to the atmosphere. Spatially, CO2 emissions were greater in the lacustrine zone than in the riverine and transition zones. In terms of time, CO2 emissions changed dynamically according to the temporal stratification structure of the reservoir and temporal variations of algae biomass. CO2 emissions were greater at night than during the day and were seasonally greatest in winter. The CO2 NAF calculated by the CE-QUAL-W2 model and the gas exchange theory showed a similar range, but there was a difference in the point of occurrence of the peak value. The findings provide useful information to improve the quantification of CO2 emissions from reservoirs. In order to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation of reservoir carbon emissions, more precise monitoring in time and space is required.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.169-181
• /
• 2023

최근 지구온난화의 주원인인 이산화탄소(carbon dioxide, CO₂)의 배출량을 줄이기 위하여 한국은 탄소 배출량 감축목표와 탄소 중립을 선언하였으며, 이에 따른 지역별 배출량과 대기 중 CO₂ 농도의 정확한 평가가 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 위성자료와 CO₂ 배출량 자료를 활용하여 위성기반 대기 중 CO₂ 농도와 배출량의 시공간적 차이를 확인하고, 이러한 차이를 식생 성장에 따른 광합성 반응지수인 태양유도 엽록소 형광(solar-induced fluorescence, SIF)을 이용하여 설명하고자 하였다. 2014년부터 2018년까지 한국 지역에서 환경부 온실가스종합정보센터(Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center, GIR) 및 Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) 배출량은 지속적으로 증가하였지만, 위성에서 관측된 CO₂ 농도는 2018년에 전년 대비 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 지역적으로 살펴보면 경기도, 충청북도는 2018년에 GIR, EDGAR 배출량이 증가하였지만 CO₂ 농도는 감소하였다. 또한, 배출량과 위성관측 CO₂ 농도의 상관성분석에서 서울과 강원도 지역에서 각각 0.22 (GIR), 0.16 (EDGAR)으로 낮은 상관성을 보였다. 대기 중 CO₂ 농도는 SIF와 지역별로 상이한 상관관계를 보였는데, 5~9월의 CO₂-SIF 상관성분석에서 서울과 경기지역은 -0.26의 음의 상관계수를, 충청북도와 강원도는 0.46의 양의 상관계수를 보이며 CO₂ 흡수와 대기 중 농도의 관계성이 지역별로 차이가 있음을 밝혔다. 따라서 대기 중 CO₂ 농도와 배출량 사이의 관계성을 분석함에 있어 CO₂ 흡수 과정에 대한 고려가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 2019

Greenhouse gas emissions have a profound effect on global warming. Various environmental regulations have been introduced to reduce the emissions. The largest amount of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, is produced in the steel industry. To decrease carbon dioxide emission, hydrogen-based iron oxide reduction, which can replace carbon-based reduction has received a great attention. Iron production generates various by-product gases, such as cokes oven gas (COG), blast furnace gas (BFG), and Linz-Donawitz gas (LDG). In particular, COG, due to its high concentrations of hydrogen and methane, can be reformed to become a major source of hydrogen for reducing iron oxide. Nevertheless, continuous COG cannot be supplied under actual operation condition of steel industry. To solve this problem, this study proposed to use two alternative COG-based fuel mixtures; one with natural gas and the other with biogas. Reforming study on two types of mixed gas were carried out to evaluate catalyst performance under a variety of operating conditions. In addition, methane conversion and product composition were investigated both theoretically and experimentally.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제37권7호
• /
• pp.792-798
• /
• 2013

In this study, we have carried out measurement for exhaust emissions such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide from main engines installed on the training ships, HANBADA and HANNARA, of Korea Maritime University. In particular, we considered the two conditions; at arrivals/departures and at constant speed of about 160 rpm. The result showed that the concentration of PM at the ship arrival was 2.41mg/m3. On the other hand, when the ship is on the navigation condition, the concentration of PM was 1.34 mg/m3. The concentrations of nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide were measured in the range of 1,120~1,600 ppm and 320~1,450 ppm at the arrival and departure at the port. Under constant speed condition, the concentrations of nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide were 913~1,470 ppm and 73~460 ppm, respectively. Generally, the concentrations of exhaust emissions under the arrivals and departures were higher than that of constant speed condition. These results imply that the ship operation skill to prevent a sudden load change of main engine is needed during the arrival or departure. In addition, it means that the difference of exhaust emissions according to navigation conditions has to be considered when the reduction technologies of air pollutants from ships are developed.

• Advances in Energy Research
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.75-90
• /
• 2019

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are rising rapidly despite efforts to curb release of such gases. One long term potential solution to offset these destructive emissions is the capture and storage of carbon dioxide. Partially depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs are attractive targets for permanent carbon dioxide disposal due to proven storage capacity and seal integrity, existing infrastructure. Optimum well completion design in depleted reservoirs requires understanding of prominent geomechanics issues with regard to rock-fluid interaction effects. Geomechanics plays a crucial role in the selection, design and operation of a storage facility and can improve the engineering performance, maintain safety and minimize environmental impact. In this paper, an integrated geomechanics workflow to evaluate reservoir caprock integrity is presented. This method integrates a reservoir simulation that typically computes variation in the reservoir pressure and temperature with geomechanical simulation which calculates variation in stresses. Coupling between these simulation modules is performed iteratively which in each simulation cycle, time dependent reservoir pressure and temperature obtained from three dimensional compositional reservoir models in ECLIPSE were transferred into finite element reservoir geomechanical models in ABAQUS and new porosity and permeability are obtained using volumetric strains for the next analysis step. Finally, efficiency of this approach is demonstrated through a case study of oil production and subsequent carbon storage in an oil reservoir. The methodology and overall workflow presented in this paper are expected to assist engineers with geomechanical assessments for reservoir optimum production and gas injection design for both natural gas and carbon dioxide storage in depleted reservoirs.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국항해항만학회 2023년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.68-69
• /
• 2023

전 세계적으로 기후변화에 대응하기 위하여 탈탄소화의 중요성이 강조되고 있으며, '2050 탄소중립'이 글로벌 의제로 부상하였다. 국내 항만공사는 우리나라 정부의 탄소중립 추진과제에 맞추어 세계적인 탄소중립 규제 흐름에 동참하고 있다. 항만에서 탈탄소화가 중요하게 인식되기 시작하면서, 2010년대 이후로 유해산출물을 고려한 컨테이너터미널 효율성 분석이 다양하게 진행되고 있다, 하지만, 이산화탄소 배출량을 고려하여 국내 컨테이너터미널의 효율성을 비교분석한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 그리고 대부분의 선행연구는 IPCC 가이드라인에서 제시하고 있는 Tier 1 기준에 따라 이산화탄소 배출량을 측정하였으며, Tier 3 기준에 따라 효율성을 분석한 연구는 전무한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 17개 국내 컨테이너터미널 운영사를 대상으로 Tier 3 방식 기준 이산화탄소 배출량 지표를 활용하여 효율성을 분석하였다. 그리고 DEA-SBM 모형과 Undesirable Outputs 모형 분석결과를 비교하여 유해산출물 고려 전후의 효율성 변화를 파악하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.115-122
• /
• 2006

To evaluate the durability characteristics of in-direct injection diesel engine using BDF 20(a blend of 20% biodiesel fuel and 80% diesel fuel in volume), an IDI diesel engine used to commercial vehicle was operated on BDF 20 for 300 hours. Engine dynamometer testing was completed at regularly scheduled intervals to investigate the combustion characteristics, engine performance and exhaust emissions. The engine performance and exhaust emissions were sampled at 1 hour interval for analysis. From the results, the combustion variations such as the combustion maximum pressure($P_{max}$) and the crank angle at which this maximum pressure occurs(${\Theta}_{Pmax}$) were not appeared during long-time dynamometer testing. Also, BSFC with BDF 20 resulted in lower than with diesel fuel. The peak pressure with BDF 20 was higher than that with diesel fuel due to the oxygen content in BDF. And, BDF 20 resulted in lower emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions with a little increase of oxides of nitrogen than diesel fuel. It was concluded that there was no unusual deterioration of the engine, or any unusual change in exhaust emissions during the durability test of an IDI diesel engine using BDF 20.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 2013

Earthwork activities are typically performed by heavy duty diesel (HDD) construction equipment that consumes large quantities of diesel fuel use and emits large quantities of pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matters (PM), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). This paper presents the framework for a model that can be used to estimate the production rate, activity duration, total fuel use, and total pollutants emissions for earthwork activities. A case study and sensitivity analysis for an excavator performing excavations are presented. The tool is developed by combining the multiple linear regressions (MLR) approach for modeling the productivity with the EPA's NONROAD model. The excavator data from RSMeans Heavy Construction Data were selected to build the productivity model, and emission factors of all type of pollutants from NONROAD model were used to estimate the total fuel use and emissions. The MLR model for the productivity rate can explain 92% of the variability in the data. Based on the model, the fuel use and emissions of excavator increase as the trench depth increase, but as the bucket size increase, the fuel use and emissions decrease.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.120-127
• /
• 2005

An IDI diesel engine used to agricultural tractors was fueled with $20\%$ biodiesel fuel(BDF 20) in excess of 300 hours. Engine dynamometer testing was completed at regularly scheduled intervals to monitor the engine performance and exhaust emissions. The engine performance and exhaust emissions were sampled at 1 hour interval for analysis. The combustion variation such as the combustion maximum pressure and the crank angle at this maximum pressure was not appeared during long-time dynamometer testing. Also, BSFC with BDF 20 resulted in lower than with diesel fuel. Since the biodiesel fuel used in this study includes oxygen of about $11\%$, it could influence the combustion process strongly. So, BDF 20 resulted in lower emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions without special increase of oxides of nitrogen than diesel fuel. It was concluded that there was no unusual deterioration of the engine, or any unusual change in exhaust emissions from using the BDF 20.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.709-717
• /
• 2004

Biodiesel has great potential as an alternative fuel for diesel engines that would reduce air pollution. It is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from fresh or used vegetable oils, or from animal fats. In this study, a biodiesel fuel derived from rice bran oil was tested as an alternative fuel for agricultural diesel engines. The emissions were characterized for both neat and blended biodiesel fuels, and for conventional diesel fuel. Since this biodiesel fuel contained 11 % oxygen, it strongly influenced the combustion process. The use of biodiesel fuel resulted in lower carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions, without any increase in nitrous oxide emissions. The study demonstrated that biodiesel fuel could be effectively used as a renewable and environmentally innocuous fuel for agricultural diesel engines.