• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• 제68권
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• pp.140-145
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• 2018

Bulky carbon layer uniformly distributed with nanoscale $Fe_2O_3$ was prepared via a direct carbonation of $Fe^{3+}$-polyacrylonitrile complexes at $700^{\circ}C$ under $N_2$ flow. The iron oxide carbon composites exhibited an excellent cycling performance for lithium storage with a reversible capacity of ${\sim}810mAh\;g^{-1}$ after 250 cycles at a current rate of $100mA\;g^{-1}$. The enhancement was mainly attributed to dual functions of bulky carbon layer which facilitated the lithium-ion diffusion and accommodated the volume changes of active $Fe_2O_3$ during charge/discharge process. Our novel chemical strategy is quite effective for scalable fabrication of high capacity lithium-storage materials.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.388-394
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• 2018

폐감귤박으로 제조한 자성 활성탄(MAC, magnetic activated carbon)을 이용하여 수용액 중의 2,4-디클로로페놀(2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-DCP)을 제거하는 연구하였다. 접촉시간, MAC의 투여량, 용액의 온도, pH 및 2,4-DCP 농도를 변화시켜 MAC에 의한 2,4-DCP의 흡착특성을 조사하였다. 등온 흡착 실험결과는 Langmuir 등온 모델식에 의해 잘 설명되었으며, Langmuir 등온식으로부터 구한 최대 흡착량은 312.5 mg/g이었다. 흡착속도는 유사 2차 속도식에 의해 잘 기술되었으며, 입자 내 확산 모델 자료는 흡착 과정 동안 막 확산과 입자 내 확산이 동시에 일어나는 것을 말해 주었다. 열역학적 파라미터인 ${\Delta}H^o$와 ${\Delta}G^o$는 각각 양의 값과 음의 값을 가지므로 MAC에 의한 2,4-DCP의 흡착은 자발적이며 흡열반응으로 일어나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 흡착실험을 완료한 후 사용한 MAC는 외부에서 자석을 이용하여 쉽게 분리할 수 있었다.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part2
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• pp.1018-1021
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• 2006

Powdered metal parts and components may be carburized successfully in a vacuum furnace by combining carburizing technology $VacCarb^{TM}$ with a hi-tech control system. This approach is different from traditional carburizing methods, because vacuum carburizing is a non-equilibrium process. It is not possible to set the carbon potential as in a traditional carburizing atmosphere and control its composition in order to obtain a desired carburized case. This paper presents test results that demonstrate that vacuum carburizing system $VacCarb^{TM}$ carburized P.M. materials faster than traditional steel with acceptable results. In the experiments conducted, PM samples with the lowest density and open porosity showed a dramatic increase in the surface carbon content up to 2.5%C and a 3 times deeper case. Currently the boost-diffusion technique is applied to control the surface carbon content and distribution in the case. In the first boost step, the flow of the carburizing gas has to be sufficient to saturate the austenite, while avoiding soot deposition and formation of massive carbides. To accomplish this goal, the proper gas flow rate has to be calculated. In the case of P.M. parts, more carbon can be absorbed by the part's surface because of the additional internal surface area created by pores present in the carburized case. This amount will depend on the density of the part, the densification grade of the surface layer and the stage of the surface. "as machined" or "as sintered". It is believed that enhanced gas diffusion after initial evacuation of the P.M. parts leads to faster carburization from within the pores, especially when pores are open . surface "as sintered" and interconnected . low density. A serious problem with vacuum carburizing is delivery of the carbon in a uniform manner to the work pieces. This led to the development of the different methods of carburizing gas circulation such as the pulse/pump method or the pulse/pause technique applied in SECO/WARWICK's $VacCarb^{TM}$ Technology. In both cases, each pressure change may deliver fresh carburizing atmosphere into the pores and leads to faster carburization from within the pores. Since today's control of vacuum carburizing is based largely on empirical results, presented experiments may lead to better understanding and improved control of the process.

• 청정기술
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2020

입상 활성탄에 대한 Acid Red 66의 흡착 등온선과 동력학적, 열역학적 파라미터에 대해 염료의 초기농도, 접촉시간, 온도를 흡착변수로 하여 조사하였다. 흡착평형자료는 Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson 및 Temkin 등온흡착식에 적용하였다. Freundlich 등온흡착식이 가장 잘 맞았으며, 계산된 Freundlich 분리계수 값(1/n = 0.125 ~ 0.232)으로부터 입상 활성탄이 Acid Red 66을 효과적으로 처리할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Temkin의 흡착열관련상수(B_T = 2.147 ~ 2.562 J mol^-1)는 이 공정이 물리흡착임을 나타냈다. 동력학적 실험으로부터 흡착공정은 유사 이차 반응속도식에 잘 맞았다. 입자 내 확산식에 대한 결과는 경계층 확산을 나타내는 첫 번째 직선의 기울기보다 입자내 확산을 나타내는 두 번째 직선의 기울기가 작게 나타나서 입자 내 확산이 율속단계인 것을 확인하였다. 열역학 실험으로부터 활성화 에너지는 35.23 kJ mol^-1로 흡착공정이 물리흡착공임을 확인하였다. Gibbs 자유에너지 변화(ΔG = -0.548 ~ -7.802 kJ mol^-1)와 엔탈피 변화(ΔH = +109.112 kJ mol^-1)은 각각 흡착공정이 자발적 공정 및 흡열과정임을 나타내었다. 등량흡착열은 흡착된 염료분자들의 측면상호작용을 나타내는 표면부하량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2013

The growth behavior of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film has been studied for three different substrates, i.e. bare Si wafer, 1 ${\mu}m$ thick W and Ti films deposited on Si wafer by DC sputter. The surface roughness values of the substrates measured by AFM were Si < W < Ti. After ultrasonic seeding treatment using nanometer sized diamond powder, surface roughness remained as Si < W < Ti. The contact angles of the substrates were Si ($56^{\circ}$) > W ($31^{\circ}$) > Ti ($0^{\circ}$). During deposition in the microwave plasma CVD system, NCD particles were formed and evolved to film. For the first 0.5h, the values of NCD particle density were measured as Si < W < Ti. Since the energy barrier for heterogeneous nucleation is proportional to the contact angle of the substrate, the initial nucleus or particle densities are believed to be Si < W < Ti. Meanwhile, the NCD growth rate up to 2 h was W > Si > Ti. In the case of W substrate, NCD particles were coalesced and evolved to the film in the short time of 0.5 h, which could be attributed to the fact that the diffusion of carbon species on W substrate was fast. The slower diffusion of carbon on Si substrate is believed to be the reason for slower film growth than on W substrate. The surface of Ti substrate was observed as a vertically aligned needle shape. The NCD particle formed on the top of a Ti needle should be coalesced with the particle on the nearby needle by carbon diffusion. In this case, the diffusion length is longer than that of Si or W substrate which shows a relatively flat surface. This results in a slow growth rate of NCD on Ti substrate. As deposition time is prolonged, NCD particles grow with carbon species attached from the plasma and coalesce with nearby particles, leaving many voids in NCD/Ti interface. The low adhesion of NCD films on Ti substrate is related to the void structure of NCD/Ti interface.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.798-806
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• 2017

제주의 농업폐기물인 감귤박으로 제조한 활성탄(WCAC)을 수용액 중의항생제 dimetridazole (DMZ)를 제거하기 위해 사용하였다. WCAC에의한 DMZ의 흡착을 접촉시간, WCAC의 투여량, WCAC의 입자크기, 온도, pH 및 DMZ 농도와 같은 다양한 조건하에서 연구하였다. DMZ의 흡착량은 온도가 증가하고 입자크기가 감소함에 따라 증가하였다. 또한, pH 4 이상에서는 DMZ의 흡착량이 거의 일정하게 유지되었지만, pH 4 이하에서는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 흡착등온 결과를 Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson 및 Duinin-Radushkevich (D-R) 등온 모델식에 적용하여 검토한 결과 Redlich-Peterson 등온 모델식에 의해 가장 잘 설명되었다. 흡착속도는 유사 2차 속도 모델에 잘 적용될 수 있었으며, 입자 내 확산 모델의 결과로부터 흡착 과정 동안 막 확산과 입자 내 확산이 동시에 일어나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 열역학적 파라미터는 WCAC에 대한 DMZ의 흡착반응은 흡열반응이고 자발적인 과정으로 진행된다는 것을 나타내었다. 실험결과는 WCAC가 항생제 DMZ를 제거하는데 있어서 값싸고 유용한 흡착제가 될 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.679-686
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• 2019

수용액으로부터 활성탄에 대한 아닐린 블루의 흡착 평형, 동역학 및 열역학적 특성을 초기농도, 접촉시간과 온도를 흡착변수로 하여 조사하였다. 아닐린 블루의 등온흡착은 Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin 및 Dubinin-Radushkevich 모델을 통해 해석하였다. Langmuir 모델이 다른 모델들 보다 등온 데이터에 더 잘 맞았다. 평가된 Langmuir 분리계수($R_L=0.036{\sim}0.068$)는 활성탄에 의한 아닐린 블루의 흡착 공정이 효과적인 처리방법이 될 수 있음을 나타냈다. 흡착속도상수는 유사일차속도 모델, 유사이차속도 모델 및 입자내 확산 모델에 적용하여 구하였다. 활성탄에 대한 아닐린 블루의 흡착속도실험 결과는 유사이차 반응속도식에 잘 따랐다. 흡착 메카니즘은 입자내 확산 모델에 의해 경막 확산과 입자내 확산의 두 단계로 평가되었다. 흡착공정에 대한 깁스 자유에너지, 엔탈피 및 엔트로피 변화와 같은 열역학 파라미터들이 평가되었다. 엔탈피 변화(48.49 kJ/mol)은 흡착공정이 물리흡착이고 흡열반응임을 알려주었다. 깁스 자유 에너지는 온도가 올라갈수록 감소하였기 때문에 흡착반응은 온도가 올라갈수록 자발성이 더 높아졌다. 등량흡착열은 흡착제 표면의 에너지 불균일성 때문에 흡착제와 흡착질 사이에 상호작용이 있음을 나타내었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.54-55
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• 2010

Vacancy defects in graphene can be created by electron or ion irradiation and those induce ripples which can change the electronic properties of graphene. Recently, the formation of defect structures such as vacancy defects and non-hexagonal rings has been reported in the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) of reduced graphene oxide [1]. In those HR-TEM images, it is noticed that the dislocations with pentagon-heptagon (5-7) pairs are formed and diffuses. Interestingly, it is also observed that two 5-7 pairs are separated and diffuse far away from each other. The separation of 5-7 pairs has been known to be due to their self-diffusion. However, from our tight-binding molecular dynamics simulation, it is found that the separation of 5-7 pairs is due to the diffusion of single vacancy defects and coalescence with 5-7 pairs. The diffusion and coalescence of single vacancy defects is too fast to be observed even in HR-TEM. We also implemented Van der Waals interaction in our tight-binding carbon model to describe correctly bi-layer and multi-layer graphene. The compressibility of graphite along c-axis in our tight-binding calculation is found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. We also discuss the difference between single layer and bi-layer graphene about vacancy diffusion and reconstruction.

• 멤브레인
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1997

Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes were synthesized by the pyrolysis of polymeric precursors. The CMS materials had oxygen-nitrogen selectivities much higher than those observed for the polymeric precursors. Typically molecular sieving materials have diffusion selectivities much higher than polymeric materials. This has been identified as a result of higher entropic selectivity of the molecular sieving materials. A study of the development of molecular sieving properties as the polymeric precursor is pyrolyzed into a CMS material will offer us an insight into polymeric molecular structures needed for enhanced entropic selectivity membrane materials.

• Carbon letters
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.152-161
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• 2011

Activated carbon was prepared from pre-carbonized petroleum coke. Textural properties were determined from studies of the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and the surface chemistry was obtained using the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer technique and the Boehm titration process. The adsorption of three aromatic compounds, namely phenol (P), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and benzoic acid (BA) onto APC in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system with respect to contact time, pH, initial concentration of solutes and temperature. Active carbon APC obtained was found to possess a high surface area and a predominantly microporous structure; it also had an acidic surface character. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well; also, the intraparticle diffusion was the only controlling process in determining the adsorption of the three pollutants investigated. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The uptake of the three pollutants was found to be strongly dependent on the pH value and the temperature of the solution. Most of the experiments were conducted at pH 7; the $pH_{(PZC)}$ of the active carbon under study was 5.0; the surface of the active carbon was negatively charged. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated for APC revealed that the adsorption of P was spontaneous and exothermic in nature, while PNP and BA showed no-spontaneity of the adsorption process and that process was endothermic in nature.