• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2002

Hardfacing layers of Stellite 6 alloy with different molybdenum content are deposited on AISI 1045 carbon steel using plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW). The properties of the hardfacing layer are investigated in order to clarify the effect of molybdenum addition to the cobalt-base alloy. With an increase in molybdenum contents, the size of Cr-rich carbides in the interdendritic region is abruptly refined, but volume fraction of the carbide slightly increases. Also, with an increase of Mo, $M_{6}$ C type carbides are formed instead of Cr-rich $M_{7}$ $C_{3}$ type carbided, and this microstructural change enhanced the mechanical properties of Stellite 6 alloy.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.512-518
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• 1996

Amorphous carbon nitride (a-C:N) multilayerfilms are formed by using altermating conditions during film deposition in are ion plating process. Because hard a-C:N films prepared with suitable megative bias voltages have large compressive stress, it is difficult to increase film thickness more than 200nm. Preparing multilayer films composed of hard layers and soft layers, we can grow thick multilayer films on Si and SKH steel substrate. The total thickness of multilayer films is more than 1$\mu\textrm{m}$. The multilayer films are several times thicker than the single layer films and almost equal in hardness and internal stress to the single layer ones. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectroscopy reveal that multilayer films equal to single layer films in structure, which is similar to the structure of DLC films.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.76-79
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• 2003

The characteristic of single wall carbon nanotube (SW-CNT) and herringbone nano fiber (HB-CNF) emitters was described. SW-CNT synthesized by arc discharge and HB-CNF prepared by thermal CVD were mixed with binders and conductive materials, and then were formed by screen-printing process. In order to obtain efficient field emissions, the surface treatment of rubbing & peel-off was applied to the printed CNT and CNF emitters. The basic structure of FED was of a diode type through fully vacuum packaging. Also, we proposed a new triode type of field emitter using a mesh gate plate having tapered holes and could achieve the ideal triode properties with no gate leakage currents.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 1998

The effect of volume fraction of Cr carbide phase (Cr CVF) on the low stress abrasion resistance in the chromium-carbide-type high Cr white iron hardfacing weld deposits has been investigated. In order to examine Cr CVF, a series of alloys with varying Cr CVF by changing chromium and carbon contents and the ratio of Cr/C were employed. The alloys were deposited once or twice on a mild steel plate using the self-shielding flux cored arc welding process. The low stress abrasion resistance of the alloys against sands was measured by the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test (RWAT). It was shown that hardness and abrasion resistance increased with increasing Cr CVF within the whole test range (Cr CVF : 0.23-0.64). Both primary Cr carbide and eutectic Cr carbide were particularly effective in resisting wear due to their high hardness.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1999

Converter slag was reduced and modified by the simultaneous addition of carbon and waste foundry sand as a $SiO_2$ source. The basic properties such as phase distribution, composition, specific density, hardness. absorption of water and compressive strength of modified slags were measured. The Iron recovery was significantly affected by the basicity of slag. The properties of slow cooled-modified slags of basicity 1.34 arc very similar to the natural aggregates.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.355-360
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• 2002

ElectroSlag Strip Overlaying (ESSO) process has been around since 1970. ESSO process had limited acceptance due to a few problems associated with the use of this process in its very early stage. Limited knowledge and, most significantly, poor quality of the equipment and welding flux gave the ESSO process a bad name. However, this process is well accepted today and used in North America, Europe and Japan. The ESSO process provides low dilution overlays at high deposition rates, excellent and consistent deposit chemistry with excellent surface quality, and virtually no defects. Capitan has taken this process one step further through extensive research and development of the process itself as well as the equipment. The improvement brought to the process warranted the issuance in May 2000 of an US patent. This study demonstrates the feasibility of this process with immediate positive production results. The main achievements of this work are as follows: $\textbullet$ Development of six various strip-flux combinations on three different base materials: carbon steel, $\frac{1}{4}$ Cr/.5 Mo and 2 $\frac{1}{4}$ Cr/l Mo, fully tested with: penetrant, ultrasound, bends, hardness, overlay chemistry, corrosion and hydrogen disbonding. $\textbullet$ 12" dia. 90 hot formed elbows from straight pipe electroslag overlayed with "1 layer" and "2 layer" Alloy 625 $\textbullet$ a very unique development of miniaturized overlaying equipment able to perform overlay in pipe with diameters as low as 10" (254 mm). This development has large applications in the field of offshore, petrochemical, refining, pulp and paper and power generation industries. The aftermath of this development was its immediate acceptance by major end users with the completion of four projects of overlayed pipe in the USA and Far East Asia.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.110-115
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• 2013

The electrochemical performance and microstructure of Al-Si, Al-Si/C was investigated as anode for lithium ion battery. The Al-Si nano composite with 5 : 1 at% ratio was prepared by arc-discharge nano powder process. However, some of problem is occurred, when Al nano composite was synthesized by this manufacturing. The oxidation film is generated around Al-Si particles for passivating processing in the manufacture. The oxidation film interrupts electrical chemistry reaction during lithium ion insertion/extraction for charge and discharge. Because of the existence the oxidation film, Al-Si first cycle capacity is very lower than other examples. Therefore, carbon synthsized by glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) was conducted to remove the oxidation film covered on the composite. The results showed that the first discharge cycle capacity of Al-Si/C is improved to 113mAh/g comparing with Al-Si (18.6mAh/g). Furthermore, XRD data and TEM images indicate that $Al_4C_3$ crystalline exist in Al-Si/C composite. In addition the Si-Al anode material, in which silicon is more contained was tested by same method as above, it was investigated to check the anode capacity and morphology properties in accordance with changing content of silicon, Si-Al anode has much higher initial discharge capacity(about 500mAh/g) than anode materials based on Aluminum as well as the morphology properties is also very different with the anode based Aluminum.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.116-125
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• 2018

Modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel is a preferred material for steam generators in nuclear power plants for their creep strength and good corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels, such as type 316LN, are used in the high temperature segments such as reactor pressure vessels and primary piping systems. So, the dissimilar joints between these materials are inevitable. In this investigation, dissimilar joints were fabricated by the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process with Inconel 82/182 filler metals. The notch tensile properties and Charpy V-notch impact toughness properties of various regions of dissimilar metal weld joints (DMWJs) were evaluated as per the standards. The microhardness distribution across the DMWJs was recorded. Microstructural features of different regions were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Inhomogeneous notch tensile properties were observed across the DMWJs. Impact toughness values of various regions of the DMWJs were slightly higher than the prescribed value. Formation of a carbon-enriched hard zone at the interface between the ferritic steel and the buttering material enhanced the notch tensile properties of the heat-affected-zone (HAZ) of P91. The complex microstructure developed at the interfaces of the DMWJs was the reason for inhomogeneous mechanical properties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.204-207
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• 2003

This paper presents the electrical properties of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) nozzle for circuit breaker. PTFE has been used widely as a nozzle material for circuit breaker. In the arcing environment in a circuit breaker, radiation is considered to be the major energy transport mechanism from the arc to the wall. The fraction of the radiation power is emitted out of the arc and reaches the nozzle wall, causing ablation at the surface and in the depth of the wall. The energy concentration in the material lead to the depolymerization and eventually lead to the generation of decomposed gas as well as some isolated carbon particles. The generation of the decomposed gas in the depth of the material causes inner explosion. The surface of nozzle becomes uneven. The flow of gas is not uniform due to the unevenness of the surface. Adding some fillers into PTFE is expected to be efficient for improving the endurability against radiation. In this experiment, three kinds of fillers that have endurance in the high temperature environment were added into PTFE. Dielectric constant, dissipation factor, electrical resistivity and dielectric strength of PTFE composites were investigated.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.404-411
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• 2023

For the direct reforming of biogas, a three-phase gliding arc plasma reformer was designed to expand the plasma discharge region, and the operation conditions of the plasma reformer, such as the S/C ratio, the gas flow rate, and the plasma input power, were optimized. The H₂ production efficiency is increased at a lower specific plasma input energy density, but byproducts such as C_XH_Y and carbon soot are generated along with the increase in H₂ production efficiency. The formation of byproducts is decreased at higher specific plasma input energy densities and S/C ratios. The optimized operation conditions are 5.5 ~ 6.0 kJ/L for the specific plasma input energy density and 3 for the S/C ratio, considering the conversion efficiency, H₂ production, and byproduct formation. It is expected that the H₂ production efficiency will improve with the decrease in fuel consumption in biogas burners because the heat generated from plasma discharge heats up the feed gas to over 500 ℃.