• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.369-375
• /
• 1991

A series of in vitro incubation studies with washed rumen bacteria were conducted to determine the influence of incubation time and concentrations of peptides, alanine, ammonia nitrogen and carbohydrate on the rate of peptide disappearance and on bacterial growth. Disappearance rate of tri-alanine (ala3) under various conditions was between 30.6 and $58.2mg\;hr^-$ per gram bacterial dry matter. Ala3 was removed from the incubation medium in an almost linear fashion as incubation time and ala3 concentration was increased. Washed rumen bacteria utilized ala3 faster than di-l-alanine (ala2) at all concentrations. Adding 9mM carbohydrate significantly increased ala3 disappearance, but level of ammonia nitrogen had no influence on ala3 disappearance. The presence of alanine in the medium significantly lowered ala3 utilization by rumen bacteria. Bacterial dry matter and nitrogen growth yield were not influenced by alanine and peptides when incubation medium already contained a sufficient level of ammonia nitrogen. Increased ammonia nitrogen in the presence of ala3 did not stimulate bacterial growth. Carbohydrate significantly increased bacterial dry matter and nitrogen growth as expected. Results indicate that the rate of peptide utilization by rumen bacteria may be altered by type and concentration of peptides, and energy supply, and this may be mediated through changes in numbers and type of bacteria.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.202-210
• /
• 2019

In order to maximize the utilization of sewage sludge, a waste from wastewater treatment facility, the residual sewage sludge generated after lipid and carbohydrate extraction for biodiesel and bioethanol production was used to produce bio-oil by pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that sludge pyrolysis mainly occurred between 200 and $550^{\circ}C$ (with peaks formed around 337.0 and $379.3^{\circ}C$) with the decomposition of the main components (carbohydrate, lipid, and protein). Bio-oil was produced using a micro-tubing reactor, and its yield (wt%, g-bio-oil/g-residual sewage sludge) increased with an increase in the reaction temperature and time. The maximum bio-oil yield of 33.3% was obtained after pyrolysis at $390^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, where the largest amount of energy was introduced into the reactor to break the bonds of organic compounds in the sludge. The main components of bio-oil were found to be trans-2-pentenoic acid and 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid with the highest selectivity of 28.4% and 12.3%, respectively. The kinetic rate constants indicated that the predominant reaction pathway was sewage sludge to bio-oil ($0.1054min^{-1}$), and subsequently to gas ($0.0541min^{-1}$), rather than the direct conversion of sewage sludge to gas ($0.0318min^{-1}$).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.439-444
• /
• 1990

Fourteen varieties of soybeans grown in Korea were investigated for their chemical composition, yields and organoleptic properties of soybean curd. The soybean curd was prepared by soaking, grinding and heating of soybeans followed by filtration, coagulation with $CaSO_4$ and pressing. The proximate analysis showed that soybean curd had the moisture content of $75.0{\sim}82.0%\;and\;48.6{\sim}56.1%\;protein,\;14.8{\sim}40.4%\;lipids\;and\;6.4{\sim}26.8%$ carbohydrate by dry weight basis. The yield of volume total solids and protein from 100g of soybeans were $182.2{\sim}227.5cm^3,\;42.65{\sim}55.60%\;and\; 57.90{\sim}76.50%$, respectively. Among the 14 varieties, the highest volume yield was obtained from Suwon-141 which has the highest contents of moisture, carbohydrate and the lowest in lipids of soybean curd. The curd prepared with Baegun and Jangyeob contained relatively low values in moisture, protein and carbohydrate and yielded the lowest in volume yield. Therefor moisture, protein and carbohydrate contents in soybean curd affected greatly on volume yield. The organoleptic properties of odor and taste couldn't find any significant relationship with chemical composition of soybean curd eventhough there were some difference in their intensities among varieties.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.238-243
• /
• 2012

Laminaria roots have not been practically used in Korea. In this study, the extraction process of carbohydrates and minerals from Laminaria roots was investigated and the properties of extracted components were measured. Hydrochloric acid generally used in carbohydrate extraction from seaweeds in order to obtain high extraction yield. But in this work, to utilize extracted components as a functional food material, organic acids such as citric acid were used. Organic acid as extraction solvent has low extraction yield compared to strong acids. Therefore optimum condition for maximum yield was investigated in carbohydrate extraction from Laminaria roots using organic acid. We measured the extraction yields of carbohydrate with variation of extraction temperature, extraction time, concentration of organic acid and particle size of samples. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased and temperature became high. The extraction yield was 19.0 wt% after 4.0 hours extraction with 0.2 wt% citric acid at $100^{\circ}C$. Potassium concentration was high compared other minerals in extraction solution, that is, the ratio of K/Na was about 3.0. Fucoidan from Laminaria roots had same carbohydrate composition and lower molecular weight compared that of Undaria pinnatifida.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2010

Characteristic of hydrogen production was investigated to find the optimum heat pretreatment conditions for the anaerobic fermentation of food waste. The heat pretreatment of food waste enhanced the hydrogen yield due to the increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and carbohydrate content. This result revealed that the maximum degrees of disintegration of SCOD and carbohydrate content were 55.1% and 223.6%, respectively. On the other hand, the improvement of hydrogen yield was insignificantly affected by heating reaction time at longer than 20 min; the increase of hydrogen yield was only about 7% between 20min and 1 hour. Therefore, the increase of reaction time more than 20min was not necessary.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 1991

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of shade and levels of N fertilization on the dry matter yield and chemical compositions of orchardgrass grown under floor of chestnut tree. Shading conditions consist of $S_0$, (full light), $S_1$, (about 6OC4 shade) and $S_2$, (about 70% shade). And, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 3 levels, O($N_0$), 12($N_1$), and 30($N_2$) kg per 10a, respectively. The results are may be summarized as follows: 1. Maximum total dry matter yield of $S_0$, was obtained about 1.28 ton/lOa at $N_2$, level. But, total dry matter yields of N levels in $S_1$, and $S_2$, were decreased about 42-45% compared with $S_0$. 2. The response of the dry matter yield to N fertilization were differences between shading and levels of N. Thus, the dry matter yield of $S_1$, increased almost linear up to about 30 kg/l0a level, while the dry matter yield of S, was increased slightly up to 30 kgIl0a. But. $S_2$, was increased up to 12 kg/lOa and then decreased slightly with N fertilization over the 12 kg/l0a. 3. Average increase in total dry matter yield to N fertilization were 23.85 kg, 7.97 kg and 5.08 kg DM for $S_0$, $S_1$, and $S_2$, respectively. 4. The level of 12 kg N/lOa is the limiting N level to obtain dry matter production under 60-709 shading conditions. 5. The contents of crude protein arid nitrate nitrogen were increased with shading and incremental N fertilization up to 30 kg/l0a. But, water soluble carbohydrate content was decreased greatly with high shading and high levels of N. 6. Nitrate nitrogen content indicated highly significant positive correlation with crude protein, but significant negative correlation with water soluble carbohydrate content. 7. At 30 kg N level with $S_1$, was necessary to exceed the potentially toxic nitrate nitrogen level of 0.20%.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.64-76
• /
• 1980

Fig. 8 summarizes the present status of high yield pulp production and the directions of research on modification. A thick line indicates pulping process presently in use. As mentioned previously, one kind of modification is to introduce hydrophilic groups onto the pulp. Still unsolved is whether or not the introduction of hydrophilic groups should be restricted to lignin only. Goring (28) reported that middle lamella lignin has fewer phenolic hydroxyl groups than cell wall lignin and suggested that such a difference in the lignin may be useful in the removal of middle lamella lignin. The introduction of hydrophilic groups onto pulp may not be enough to modify high yield pulp. The removal of some portion of carbohydrate may be also necessary from the standpoint of softening of pulp fibers. There is no information at what lignin and carbohydrate, and how much should be removed. The combination with synthetic high polymers may also be important in modifying high yield pulp. Prof. C. Schuerch of the State University of New York who was a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo in 1974, mentioned that the hydrophilicity of lignin would be promoted, if phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl groups could be introduced into the aromatic nucleus of lignin. If this were possible. this process would also mean a pulp yield of more than 100%. This idea is just one example of the expectation made possible through lignin chemistry. Instead of the introduction of hydrophilic group, the oxidative degradation of aromatic nucleus of lignin may also be useful in promoting the hydrophilicity of pulp. In this case, ozone may be an excellent chemical. However, there are a lot of problems to be solved such as homogeneity of reaction and selectivity of ozone for lignin. The above ideas are summarized in Fig. 9. There are many problems to be solved in the production of an excellent high yield pulp which is comparable to chemical pulp. The information from wood chemistry hopefully will elucidate some of the problems mentioned above.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.135-138
• /
• 2009

Studies on the effect of different secondary nutrients in different doses on the leaf yield and biochemical constituents of Terminalia tomentosa revealed that secondary nutrients have promotary effect in increasing the leaf yield and foliar constituents of Terminalia tomentosa. Among all the treatments under study, foliar application of magnesium sulphate (2g/plant, w/v) is the best in respect of leaf yield and biochemical constituents of T. tomentosa. This treatment gave 29.15% increase in leaf yield over control. Chemoassay results further confirmed significant improvement in biochemical constituents. Except crude fibre, moisture, minerals, crude protein and total carbohydrate increased significantly over control.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.20-25
• /
• 1988

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of the different cutting height on the chemical composition, energy production and relation of yields of Italian ryegrass, tall fescue and perennial ryegrass swards. It was carried out on the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station, in Suweon, from Sept. 1986 to May 1987. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Chemical composition and Van Soest fiber contents were slightly different among grasses. But were not same trend with cutting heights. At the late vegetative stage, crude protein and crude fiber content were much more in tall fescue, Ash in perennial ryegrass, E.E. and NFE in Italian ryegrass respectively. NDF, ADF, Hemicellulose, Lignin, Cellulose and Silica contents were much more in tall fescue than the others. 2. DM, DCP, TDN, StE, ME and NEL productions were appeared to high in line with Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. In addition 6 cm cutting height was the most production in Italian ryegrass, 15 cm cutting height was the most production in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. 3. The much more content of crude protein, the less nonstructural carbohydrate content. The less content of NDF, the much more nonstructural carbohydrate content. Green and dry matter yield before wintering were not influence the green and dry matter yield of the late vegetative stage, but green yield before wintering influenced total green yield.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.521-526
• /
• 1998

The physicochmical properties of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (r-HBsAg), which was expressed in C127 mammalian cell were studied. Using roller bottle culture in DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum, 10-15 mg/L of r-HBsAg was produced with about 31% of purification yield. The purity of r-HBsAg by HPLC was 99.8% and electron microscopic examination showed homogeneous spherical particle with 22 nm in diameter, a morphological characteristic of HBsAg. The density of r-HBsAg by CsCI density gradient method was 1.19g/ml and the isoelectric point by Mono $P^{TM}$ HR 5/20 column was 4.6. The analysis of subunit protein pattern using SDS-PAGE followed by scanning densitometry gave 81.3% of S protein and 18.7% of pre-S protein. fluorophore-assisted-carbohydrate-electrophoresis analysis showed the relative amount of carbohydrate to protein was 1.7% and it smajr component was N-acetyl glucosamine, which was about 39% of total carbohydrate. The relative amount of lipid to protein determined by vanillin phosphoric acid method was 32.5% and its major component was phospholipid, which was about 70% of total lipid. The physicochemical properties of C127 mammalian cell-derved r-HBsAg are similar to those of p-HBsAg, suggesting that the r-HBsAg can be used in developing a new preventive vaccine against hepatitis B.