• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.174-180
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• 2007

Background: The diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is based on only clinical criteria. The purpose of this study was to estimate the clinical manifestations of TN patients treated at our pain clinic. Methods: A total of 341 patients with TN from Jan. 2004 to Dec. 2006 was evaluated the intensity, site, and onset of pain, facial sensation, duration of pain attack, pain free interval, triggering factors, and effects of the previous treatments with TN specific questionnaire and interview at the first visit of our pain clinic. Results: About 80% of the patients were over 50 years of age and 256 (75%) patients were women. Average durations from first attack of their pain and from current pain attack were 7 years and 16 weeks, respectively. The two most frequently involved trigeminal nerve branches were maxillary (40%) and mandibular (39%) branches. Three quarters of the total patients experienced only paroxysmal pain that lasted less than one minute. About 90% of patients had pain free period at least one time. Most common triggering factors were chewing (88%), brushing teeth (82%), washing face (79%), and talking (70%). Only 16 patients (5%) had no previous treatment and the others had more than one treatment, such as medication (68%) and interventional procedures (35%). The most common reasons for early discontinuation of carbamazepine were dizziness, ataxia, and vomiting. Conclusions: TN has specific clinical features of pain, which should be considered at diagnosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.169-174
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• 2005

의약품은 일반적으로 치료를 목적으로 제조되었기 때문에 독특한 약리학적 작용을 띤다. 의약품잔류물이 환경 중으로 배출되어 비표적 생물(non-target organism)에 노출될 경우 의도하지 않은 독성영향이 나타날 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라에서 널리 사용되는 10개의 의약품(4종의 일반 의약품 acetaminophen, carbamazepine, diltiazem, cimetidine과 6종의 설파계 항생제 sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadimethoxine)을 대상으로 환경중 예상잔류농도와 생태 무영향농도를 예측하여 대상의약품의 생태위해성을 평가하였다. 연구대상 의약품의 예측환경농도는 0.14 ${\sim}$ 16.5 ppb이었으며, 예측환경농도와 예측무영향농도비(PEC/PNEC ratio)를 산출한 결과 acetaminophen과 suifamethoxazole이 각각 1.8과 6.3으로 나타나 이 의약품들이 물생태계에 미치는 위해성에 대한 정밀한 추가연구의 필요성이 제시되었다.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.162-166
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• 2017

Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a potentially life-threatening, medication-induced hypersensitivity reaction with long latency. It is characterized by fever, rash, leukocytosis with eosinophilia, atypical lymphocytosis, and internal organ involvement. The most common causes of DRESS syndrome are sulfonamides and anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine and lamotrigine. However, valproic acid and olanzapine could develop DRESS syndrome. We report a case of DRESS syndrome associated with valproic acid and olanzapine in a 41 years old male patient with bipolar disorder.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.261-265
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• 2001

Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion is a safe procedure that can be controlled well and provides satisfactory pain relief from trigeminal neuralgia with low risk. Here the authors report a case of radiofrequency thermocoagulation performed on a recurred trigeminal neuralgia patient, with particular attention to the V3 area. The patient was treated with microvascular decompression 7 years previous, which lead to untolerable side effects from carbamazepine medication. Following the paresthesia and masseter muscle contracture test at 50 Hz-0.06 volt and 2 Hz-0.5 volt respectively, RF lesionings were performed for 60 sec at $60^{\circ}C$ and 70 sec at $70^{\circ}C$. One week after the procedure, the pain was reduced with a mild hypoesthesia in the V2 area. After 6 months, the pain recurred. Therefore, we performed the same procedure again. After 8-months of follow-up, there has been no pain or complications.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 1998

Clinicians can use therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) to optimise dosage decisions with psychotropic drugs, in order to maximize efficacy and prevent toxicity, especially when individuals are nonresponsive to treatment or vulnerable to adverse reactions with standard doses because age, disease states or drug interactions. Currently, therapeutic drug concentrations have been established for the TCA and lithium. There is also evidence for the usefulness of TDM with carbamazepine, valproic acid and some antipsychotic drugs. However for most psychotropic drugs this approach remains experimental. TDM-assisted psychiatric treatment is potentially useful and cost effective, particularly when applied by psychiatrists who are knowledgeable of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2010

This study examined the effects of feed water chemistry and membrane fouling on the rejection of trace organics by a loose nanofiltration membrane. One ionisable and one non-ionisable trace organics were selected for investigation. Results reported here indicate that the solution pH and ionic strength can markedly influence the removal of the ionisable trace organic compound sulfamethoxazole. These observations were explained by electrostatic interactions between the solutes and the membrane surface and by the speciation of the ionisable compound. On the other hand, no appreciable effects of solution pH and ionic strength on the rejection of the neutral compound carbamazepine were observed in this study. In addition, membrane fouling has also been shown to exert some considerable impact on the rejection of trace organics. However, the underlying mechanisms remain somewhat unclear and are subject to on-going investigation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.244-247
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• 1996

A 67 year old male with postherpetic neuralgia complained of right anterior chest throbbing pain and also allodynia. We performed thoracic epidural block with 0.25% bupivacaine and 1% lidocaine. Oral carbamazepine and imipramine were also administred concomitantly. One month later, patient complained of fatigue, anorexia, pruritis, jaundice, and dark urine. Liver function test values were significantly elevated then. Therefore we removed the epidural catheter and ceased all medication. Liver function test values decreased rapidly after discontinuation of medication. Hepatitis might have developed as result of drugs administered and could have been prevented if the patient had been monitored with regular clinical laboratory follow up. The purpose of this case report is emphasize the importance of early regular laboratory test to detect any possible side effect that may occur by administration of drugs during treatment of chronic pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.247-250
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• 1993

Trigeminal neuralgia(tic douloureux) is a condition characterized by excruciating paroxysms of pain in lips, gums, cheek or chin. There are many treatments of trigeminal neuralgia, such as carbamazepine, electrical stimulation, radiation therapy and ablative procedures. We blocked the mandibular nerve via lateral extra-oral route with pure ethyl alcohol in patient with localized gingival pain. The results were as follows; 1) The mandibular nerve block with pure ethyl alcohol was effective. 2) No complications were noted.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.625-630
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• 1996

The cobalt-substituted polyoxotungstate [(CoPW11O39)5-] has been used as a catalyst in olefin epoxidation and alkane hydroxylation reactions. The epoxidation of olefins by iodosylbenzene in CH3CN yielded epoxides predominantly with trace amounts of allylic oxidation products. cis-Stilbene was streoselectively oxidized to cis-stilbene oxide with small amounts of trans-stilbene oxide and benzaldehyde formation. The epoxidation of carbamazepine (CBZ) by potassium monopersulfate in aqueous solution gave the corresponding CBZ 10,11-oxide product. Other transition metal-substituted polyoxotungstates (M=Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+) were inactive in the CBZ epoxidation reaction. The cobalt-substituted polyoxotungstate also catalyzed the oxidation of alkanes with m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give the corresponding alcohols and ketones. The presence of CH2Br2 in the hydroxylation of cyclohexane afforded the formation of bromocyclohexane, suggesting the participation of cyclohexyl radical. In the 18O-labeled water experiment, there was no incorporation of 18O into the cyclohexanol product when the hydroxylation of cyclohexane by MCPBA was carried out in the presence of H218O. Some mechanistic aspects are discussed as well.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.182-190
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiencies of organic matter and pharmaceuticals and to identify the removal mechanism of pharmaceuticals using sand obtained from Hwangryong River in Jangsung. Batch and column studies were used to simulate managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems. All experiments were performed using field effluent containing pharmaceuticals from Damyang Wastewater Treatment Plant as an influent. Based on the removal results of organic matter and pharmaceuticals from the batch and column experiments, soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial activity were found to effectively remove target contaminants. The removal of organic matter was found to increase under biotic conditions. Neutral and cation pharmaceuticals (iopromide, estrone, and trimethoprim) exhibited removal efficiencies higher than 70% from natural sand and baked sand media in batch and column studies. Carbamazepine persisted in the sand batch and column studies. Anion pharmaceuticals (ketoprofen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac) can be removed under conditions featuring high SOM and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in the sand surface. Based on the experimental Batch and column results, biodegradation and sorption were found to be important mechanisms for the removal of pharmaceuticals within the simulated MAR systems.