• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4267-4273
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• 2016

Previous studies suggested that dithio-carbamates are potent apoptosis and anti-apoptosis inducing agents in various cancer cells. Here, the anti-proliferative and apoptosis inducing effects of a new derivative (2-NDC) from the dithio-carbamate family was examined in human leukemia K562 cells. We use thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to measure viability and cell growth inhibition. The 2-NDC showed effects on viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, inhibiting proliferation at concentrations of $10-30{\mu}M$ after 24-48 hours of treatment and increasing values after 72 hours at $40-120{\mu}M$. The cytotoxic effect of the compound was calculated with an $IC_{50}$ of $30{\mu}M$ after 24-hour. Apoptosis induction was confirmed by acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining, DNA fragmentation assay, flow cytometric assessment and also caspase-3 activation assay. Furthermore, enzymes level such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) involved in oxidative stress were evaluated. The results of this study demonstrated insignificant increase of intracellular ROS levels for 24 hours and reduction after 48-72 hours. In addition to reduction of intracellular thiol, caspase-3 like activity was also decreased in a time-dependent manner in cells treated with 2-NDC. Thus 2-NDC can be considered as a good candidate for further pharmaceutical evaluations.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.208-209
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• 2011

In this work, we developed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold that can release amine groups, when an electrical potential was applied to the gold. The strategy was based on the introduction of the electroactive carbamate group, which underwent the two-electron oxidation with simultaneous release of the amine molecules, to alkanethiols. The synthesis of the designed thiol compounds was achieved by coupling isocyanate-containing compound with hydroquinone. The electroactive thiols were mixed with hydroxyl-containing alkanethiol [$HS(CH_2)_{11}OH$] to form mixed monolayers, and cyclic votammetry was used for the characterization of the release. The mixed SAMs showed a first oxidation peak at +540 mV (versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode), demonstrating irreversible conversion from carbamate to hydroqinone with simultaneous release of the amine groups. The second and third cycles showed typical reversible redox reaction of hydroquinone and quione: the oxidation and reduction occurred at +290 mV and -110 mV, respectively. The measurement of ToF-SIMS further indicates that electrochemical-assisted chemical reaction successfully released amine groups. This new SAM-based electrochemistry would be applicable for direct release of biologically active molecules that contain amine groups.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1983

담수토양(湛水土壤)에서 carbamate 계살충제(系殺蟲劑) BPMC 및 carbofuran의 분해(分解)에 미치는 몇가지 토양(土壤), 농약(農藥) 및 환경인자(環境因子)들의 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) BPMC와 carbofuran은 담수(湛水) 또는 비담수처리(非湛水處理)로 분해(分解)에 큰 영향(影響)이 없었다. 다만 시험토양(試驗土壤)에서 carbofuran에 비(比)해 BPMC는 현저(顯著)하게 분해(分解)가 빨랐다. 2) 시험토양(試驗土壤)에서 BPMC와 carbofuran의 분해(分解)는 pH에 의존(依存)하며 pH가 클수록 분해(分解)가 촉진(促進)되었으며, pH 효과(效果)는 BPMC보다 carbofuran 에서 명백(明白)히 나타났다. 3) BPMC와 carbofuran은 모두 토양(土壤)의 유기물함량(有機物含量)이 높을수록 분해(分解)가 지연되었다. 4) BPMC와 carbofuran은 고온(高溫), 고처리농도(高處理濃度)에서 분해(分解)가 빨랐다. 5) 토양살균(土壤殺菌)은 양(兩) carbamate 살충제의 분해(分解)를 현저하게 감소시켰다. 6) 담수토양(湛水土壤)에서 BPMC 및 carbofuran은 화학적분해(化學的分解)와 토양미생물(土壤微生物)에 의(依)한 생물학적(生物學的) 분해(分解)가 병행(倂行)되는 것으로 해석되었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2017

Purpose: This study measured the ethyl carbamate (EC) content in commercial and home-made soy sauce and examined the effects of cooking methods, such as boiling and pan-frying, on the EC content. Methods: A total of 20 soy sauce samples including 14 home-made and 6 commercial products were analyzed according to the AOAC official method with some modifications. To simulate conventional boiling, soy sauce containing EC ($14.59{\mu}g/kg$) was heated to $100^{\circ}C$ for four different times: 10, 20, 30, or 40 min. Pan-frying was conducted for 4 min at $170^{\circ}C$. Results: EC was not detected in any of the homemade samples, whereas it was found in the commercial samples, ranging from 2.51 to $14.59{\mu}g/kg$. The concentrations of EC increased gradually with increasing boiling from 14.59 to $26.54{\mu}g/kg$, whereas pan-frying did not affect the EC level in soy sauce. Conclusion: These results indicate that EC is formed by a reaction between the EC precursors during boiling, suggesting that the cooking method of each food should be considered when estimating the dietary exposure to EC.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.732-738
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• 2011

고압 반응시스템에서 요소와 메탄올로부터 메틸카바메이트(MC) 및 디메틸카보네이트(DMC)의 제조에 관한 금속산화물촉매와 이온성액체의 영향을 고찰하였다. 고립계에서 요소와 메탄올로부터 MC 수율은 촉매를 사용하지 않고도 $150^{\circ}C$ 이상의 반응온도에서 거의 100%를 나타내었으나, DMC 수율은 반응온도와 무관하게 1.5% 이하로 매우 낮은값을 나타내었다. 또한 MC와 메탄올로부터 DMC 수율은 $ZnCl_{2}$ 촉매를 사용한 경우에 가장 우수하였으며, 최적조건에서 16.3% 정도를 나타내었다. DMC 수율은 반연속식 실험에서 나노 크기의 촉매와 이온성액체를 함께 적용한 경우에 좀 더 향상되었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2015

에틸카바메이트의 내부표준물질로 $d_5$-에틸카바메이트가 선정되었다. 에틸카바메이트의 일내(intra-day), 일간(inter-day) 정밀도를 측정한 결과, 회수율은 92.54~103.59%, 상대표준편차는 0.87~5.64%로 CODEX 기준에 부합하였다. 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 1.20 ppb와 3.65 ppb였으며, 검량선은 직선성(R2=0.9992)을 나타내었다. 상업용 매실주보다는 가정에서 담근 매실주에서 검출된 에틸카바메이트의 함량이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 또한, 매실주의 숙성기간은 에틸카바메이트 농도와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 매실의 침지기간과 매실이 분리된 후 숙성기간이 매실주의 에틸카바메이트 함량에 영향을 미친다는 것을 나타낸다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.929-935
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, simple, and qualitative acetylcholinesterase (AChE)- detection kit, based on a modification of the Ellman and ELISA methods, for the detection of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticide. The developed kits were used to screen a large number of agricultural samples (spiked and real) for OP and CB pesticide residues. AChE was extracted from the heads of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) using Triton X-100, and was purified through 3 steps: diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography (DEAE), affinity chromatography and membrane filtering, and Mono-Q column chromatography. Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography was used for large-scale purification. The presence of OP and CB pesticide residues in agricultural samples was assayed on the basis of AchE inhibition value. The presence (6 bands) or absence of some colored bands on the test line indicated a negative or positive result, respectively. The limits of detection for measured organophosphorus (OP) and carbamates (CB) pesticide residues in standard pesticide solutions and fortified samples were ranged from 0.50 to 2.50 ppm and 0.50 to 4.75 ppm, respectively.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2006

본 연구는 2005년 1월부터 12월까지 경기도와 인천지역에 납품된 14종 농산물 356점 중 카바메이트계 농약 10종 (aldicarb, bendiocarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, methiocarb, mehtomyl, isoprocarb, propoxur)을 분석하였다. 대상 농산물 356점중 카바메이트계 농약이 12건 검출율(2.53%)이 검출되었으며, 그 중 2종류의 농약이 검출된 농산물은 1건으로 0.27% 이었다. 군납 농산물중 methomyl(0.84%)로 가장 많이 검출되었으며, carbofuran(0.56%), ethiofencarb(0.56%), carbaryl(0.28%) 순으로 나타났다. Aldicarb, bendiocarb, fenobucarb, methioarb, isoprocarb, propoxur 은 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 검출된 농약은 상추에서 ethiofencarb(0.29 ppm), 고추에서 carbofuran(0.24 ppm), 시금치에서 methomyl(0.23 ppm), carbaryl(0.01 ppm), 배추에서 carbofuran(0.20 ppm), 오이에서 methomyl(0.12 ppm), 쑥갓에서 ethiofencarb(0.01 ppm), 파에서 methomyl(0.01 ppm) 이었으나 모두 MRL 미만으로 안전하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.395-399
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• 1986

Intramolecular proton transfer equilibria of acetamide and methyl carbamate have been studied theoretically by MNDO MO method. For both substrates, carbonyl-O protonated tautomer was found to be the most stable form, the next most stable one being N-protonated form. Gas phase proton transfers take place by the 1,3-proton rearrangement process and in all cases have prohibitively high activation barriers. When however one solvate water molecule participates in the process, the barriers are lowered substantially and the process proceeds in an intermolecular manner through the intermediacy of the water molecule via a triple-well type potential energy surface; three wells correspond to reactant(RC), intermediate(IC) and product complex(PC) of proton donor-acceptor pairs whereas two transition states(TS) have proton-bridge structure. General scheme of the process can be represented for a substrate with two basic centers(heteroatoms) of A and B as, $$ABH\limits^+\;+\;H_2O\;{\to}\;ABH\limits^+{\cdots}{\limits_{RC}}OH_2\;{\to}\;AB{\cdots}H\limits_{TS}^+{\cdots}{\limits_{1}}OH_2\;{\to}\;AB{\cdots}{\limits_{IC}}H\limits^+OH_2\;{\to}\;BA{\cdots}H\limits_{TS}^+{\cdots}{\limits_{2}}OH_2\;{\to}\;BA H\limits^+{\cdots}{\limits_{PC}}OH_2\;{\to}\;BAH\limits^+\;+\;H_2O$$ Involvement of a second solvate water had negligible effect on the relative stabilities of the tautomers but lowered barrier heights by 5∼6 Kcal/mol. It was calculated that the abundance of the methoxy-O protonated tautomer of the methyl carbamate will be negligible, since the tautomer is unfavorable thermodynamically as well as kinetically. Fully optimized stationary points are reported.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2020

Purpose: Atropine is an antidote used to relieve muscarinic symptoms in patients with organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Nutritional support via the enteral nutrition (EN) route might be associated with improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. This study examined the administration of nutritional support in patients undergoing atropinization, including methods of supply, outcomes, and complications. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital from 2010 to 2018. Forty-five patients, who were administered with atropine and on mechanical ventilation (MV) due to organophosphate or carbamate poisoning, were enrolled. Results: Nutritional support was initiated on the third day of hospitalization. Thirty-three patients (73.3%) were initially supported using parenteral nutrition (PN). During atropinization, 32 patients (71.1%) received nutritional support via EN (9) or PN (23). There was no obvious reason for not starting EN during atropinization (61.1%). Pneumonia was observed in both patient groups on EN and PN (p=0.049). Patients without nutritional support had a shorter MV duration (p=0.034) than patients with nutritional support. The methods of nutritional support during atropinization did not show differences in the number of hospital days (p=0.711), MV duration (p=0.933), duration of ICU stay (p=0.850), or recovery at discharge (p=0.197). Conclusion: Most patients undergoing atropinization were administered PN without obvious reasons to preclude EN. Nutritional support was not correlated with the treatment outcomes or pneumonia. From these results, it might be possible to choose EN in patients undergoing atropinization, but further studies will be necessary.