• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.201-219
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• 2018

본고는 산출물 시장에 있어서 독점적으로 행동하는 기업을 고려하여 담보(유담보 융자, 무담보융자)에 의한 차입계약이 차주인 기업의 비용최소화를 통해 비용함수의 형태를 결정하는 모델을 구축하였다. 또한 기업이 금융시장에서의 차입계약이 산출물시장에서 시장균형과 경제후생에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석을 통하여 자기자본이 열악한 기업이 금융기관으로부터 유담보융자에 의해 차입을 실시하면 담보의 범위 내에서 신용을 받을 수 밖에 없는 차입제약에 직면하게 된다는 사실을 증명하였다. 따라서 기업이 생산요소인 자본재를 담보로 설정할 때 생산 요소의 투입비율에 왜곡현상이 발생하며 기업이 금리가 높은 무담보 융자에 의해 대출행위가 이루어지면 한계비용은 상승하기 때문에 기업은 자기이윤을 최대화하는 차입계약을 선택하게 된다. 그러나 기업이 차입계약을 선택할 경우 소비자와 경제전체에 바람직한 현상은 아니며 전체적으로 경제후생을 악화시킨다는 것이 본고의 이론분석을 통한 결과로 볼 수 있다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.66-79
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• 2016

최근 리츠 인가의 증가로 대두되는 사안은 경영활동에 드는 자금을 어떻게 조달하는지와 투자 자금을 효율성 있게 운용함으로써 기대 수익률과 경영 극대화를 목표 설정에 맞게 실현될 수 있는지 대한 문제로 귀결되는 듯하다. 이에 본 연구는 국내 리츠가 운용된 2002년부터 2015년(2007~2009년, 글로벌 금융위기 기간의 파급효과 기간은 제외하였음)까지 리츠의 사업현황, 투자, 재무 등 경영 전반에 관련 자료를 구축하여 투자 유형별 특성을 분석하고 리츠의 부채비율에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과 리츠의 최대주주 성향이 법인, 연기금, 공제회, 은행, 증권, 보험 등의 비중이 높게 나타나며 최근 최대주주와 주요주주의 비중이 상승하고 있다. 리츠 투자에서 기관투자자 역할이 증대되면서 기관투자자가 리츠성장을 견인한 것으로 보인다. 기관투자자에서 자주 목격되는 동시 투자자에게 다른 금융기관보다 더 높은 이자율을 지급된 것으로 분석되어, 리츠가 동시투자자에 대하여 유인과 보상을 병행한 것으로 판단된다. 부채비율과 관련 변수 간의 영향요인에 대하여 다중회귀분석을 수행한 결과 부채비율이 수익성과는 음(-)의 관계를 맺어 자본조달순위이론을 지지하며, 투자기회(성장성)는 음(-)의 관계, 자산 규모와는 양(+)의 관계를 맺어 상충이론을 따르는 것으로 분석되었다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 국내 리츠가 공모형 리츠보다는 사모형 리츠 위주로 운용되고 있어 타인자본 조달 시 주식시장의 자금조달보다는 유형자산(대부분 부동산)의 담보에 의한 차입으로 운영되고 있는 리츠시장을 반영한 것으로 보인다. 또한, 글로벌 금융위기 이후 타인자본을 리츠 사업에 적극적으로 활용하고 있으며, 최대주주의 비중과 성향, 투자상품에 따라 부채비율이 결정되고 있음을 보여준다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.27-56
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• 2006

Today's financial institutions usually take environmental issues seriously into consideration as they could not evade lender liability in an increasing number of cases. On the international scene, a brand-new concept of the "Equator Principles" in the New Millenium has driven more and more international banks to adopt these Principles in project financing. Sustainable development has been a key word in understanding new trends of the governments, financial institutions, corporations and civic groups in the 21st century. The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for sustainable finance. These Principles commit bank officers to avoid financial support to projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The Principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation(IFC), and launched in June 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks, accounting for up to 80 percent of project loan market, have adopted the Principles. Accordingly, the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental issues of projects to be financed. Compliance with the Equator Principles facilitates for endorsing banks to participate in the syndicated loan and help them to manage the risks associated with large-scale projects. The Equator Principles call for financial institutions to provide loans to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the IFC. - For Category A and B projects, borrowers or sponsors are required to conduct a Social and Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key social and environmental issues. - The Social and Environmental Assessment report should address baseline social and environmental conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, sustainable development, and, as appropriate, IFC's Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, etc. - Based on the Social and Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with borrowers on how they mitigate, monitor and manage the risks through a Social and Environmental Management System. Compliance with the plan is included in the covenant clause of loan agreements. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective actions. The Equator Principles are not a mere declaration of cautious banks but a full commitment of lenders. A violation of the Principles in the process of project financing, which led to an unexpected damage to the affected community, would not give rise to any specific legal remedies other than ordinary lawsuits. So it is more effective for banks to ensure consistent implementation of the Principles and to have them take responsible measures to solve social and environmental issues. Public interests have recently mounted up with respect to environmental issues on the occasion of the Supreme Court's decision (2006Du330) on the fiercely debated reclamation project at Saemangeum. The majority Justices said that the expected environmental damages like probable pollution of water and soil were not believed so serious and that the Administration should continue to implement the project seeking ways to make it more environment friendly. In this case, though the Category A Saemangeum Project was carried out by a government agency, the Supreme Court behaved itself as a signal giver to approve or stop the environment-related project like an Equator bank in project financing. At present, there is no Equator bank in Korea in contrast to three big banks in Japan. Also Korean contractors, which are aggressively bidding for Category A-type projects in South East Asia and Mideast, might find themselves in a disadvantageous position because they are generally ignorant of the environmental assessment associated with project financing. In this regard, Korean banks and overseas project contractors should care for the revised Equator Principles and the latest developments in project financing more seriously. It's because its scope has expanded to the capital cost of US$10 million or more across all industry sectors regardless of developing countries or not. It should be noted that, for a Korean bank, being an Equator bank is more or less burdensome in a short-term period, but it must be conducive to minimizing risks and building up good reputation in the long run.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

정보콘텐츠산업은 디지털 기술의 진화와 발맞추어 평균적으로는 안정된 자본구조와 우수한 이익률지표, 높은 성장률과 높은 생산성을 나타내고 있으나, 거의 모든 지표에서 점차 악화되고 있는 추세를 보이고 있다. 이것은 정보콘텐츠산업의 발전에 따른 시장 수요의 증가보다도 공급 시장의 확대가 더 빠른 속도로 진행되고 있어 경쟁이 격화되고 있고, 비교적 시장진입이 용이하기 때문인 것으로 분석된다. 정보콘텐츠산업의 지속적인 발전을 도모하기 위해서는 새로운 시장의 개척과 이를 뒷받침하기 위한 신기술의 개발이 필요하며, 이를 위하여 정책적인 자금 지원 및 조세정책적인 측면에서의 지원이 절실하다.

• 기업가정신과 벤처연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

전 세계는 크라우드펀딩이라는 금융 혁명에 진입하고 있다. 미국, 이탈리아, 영국 및 일본은 이미 증권형 크라우드펀딩을 법제화하였고, 한국도 스타트업 기업 및 중소기업의 원활한 자금조달을 위하여 2015년 7월 증권형 크라우드펀딩을 법제화하였다. 이 연구는 공모 및 투자 한도, 중개업자 및 발행인의 요건 측면에서 미국, 이탈리아, 영국, 일본 및 한국의 크라우드펀딩 규제 체계를 살펴본다. 이를 통하여 한국의 크라우드펀딩에 관한 시사점을 도출하고, 크라우드펀딩을 통한 자금 조달을 촉진하기 위하여 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법령의 개정 사항을 제안하고 있다.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

This paper makes the case that a new policy strategy to enhance a global green recovery is needed urgently. The new strategy requires two essential elements. First, G20 economies should follow the lead of South Korea and China and turn their green stimulus investments into a serious long-term commitment, and to support these investments, they should adopt environmental pricing policies and instigate pricing and regulatory reforms to reduce carbon dependency. Second, the G20 also needs to target and coordinate assistance to developing economies in science, technology and innovation (STI) for clean energy. Such assistance is essential to help developing economies to overcome the skills, technological and capital gap that they face in clean energy technologies over the long term. Reform of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is also necessary to establish a long-term global price signal for carbon, and to increase the coverage of developing economies, the sectors and technologies and the overall financing of clean energy projects. Formulating such a policy strategy should appeal to both the Asian-Pacific and Western economies comprising the G20, and by working together to formulate such a strategy, the G20 could lead the way toward a new era of global economic management and STI cooperation in clean energy.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2013

Purpose - This pilot study explores the gap between venture capitalists and young business graduates in Pakistan. Though the young graduates remain enthusiastic about choosing entrepreneurship as a profession, their success is subject to financial constraints. Research design, data, methodology - We administered a Likert-scale based questionnaire to 200 business graduates from June to July 2012, and interviewed ten venture capitalists from Islamabad and Lahore-two highly business oriented cities of Pakistan-to collect the data. The survey participation was on a voluntary basis without any financial sponsorship. Findings- There is a communication gap between the two parties (venture capitalists and business graduates), and a lack of trust in the entrepreneurial education and training offered in the educational institutions in Pakistan. The study, however, reveals the leading role of the Government in reducing this gap through certain measures. Conclusions - Some measures that can reduce the gap between venture capitalists and young graduates are: association of business schools with industry; financial institutions'initiatives to financially support the small and medium level projects of the economics and business students during their studies; establishment of placement bureaus in the business schools; and organization of regular open houses in the universities.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.377-390
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper was to draw implications for community economic development policies of Korean local governments by investigating the community economic development policies of the USA local governments. Those policies can be segmented to first wave(1950s-1970s), second wave(1980s), and third wave(1990s) of development policy. First two policies entailed some expense to community residents by providing low tax rates, tax abatement, tax reliefs, industrial revenue bonds, and direct state loans for potential companies. These policies brought ‘clawback’ and ‘drawbacks’ to the local residents. The third wave of community economic development policy includes capital market programs(predominantly government-financed loan programs and government support for predominantly privately financed loan or equity programs), providing information and education for small business in the communities, supporting small business by providing high technology and research, and export assistance-providing information/training opportunity how to export, sending trade missions, and export financing. Local government authorities in Korea should learn the community economic development policies administrated by the USA local governments so that they can avoid the potential try-and-errors in establishing, planning, and administrating their economic development policies.

• 농촌계획
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2019

Korean agriculture experienced rapid changes in its production structure to respond fluctuations on external conditions, and these changes have increased the dependence between agricultural resources and negative environmental externalities from agricultural production. As a tool for managing agricultural resources and reducing negative environmental effects from agricultural production, this study employs water-energy-food nexus for integrated resource management. To show the necessity of an integrated approach, this study evaluated three policy scenarios including changes in capital interest, water capacity, and energy cost. The results show that three scenarios have unintended consequences for farmers' incomes and their use of resources. Also the unintended consequences of government policies also affected farms' vulnerability to environmental changes. In particular, the expansion of financing for the establishment of non-circulating water curtain facilities did not have a significant effect on the crop switching of farms. In addition, increasing the amount of available water through the aquifer recharge project leads to the installation of non-circulating water curtain facilities in zucchini farm. It raises dependence on groundwater in agricultural production, thereby increasing farmers' vulnerability to groundwater shortages. These results imply that the agricultural sector needs to consider the interrelationship between agricultural resources when designing or evaluating policies.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.751-758
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• 2021

This research is conducted to measure the efficiency level of Islamic banking in Indonesia and also to analyze the factors that can affect its efficiency level. This research used a purposive sampling technique to determine the sample size that will be used, with criteria that the bank has been operating since 2010 and consistently published its financial reports during the research period from 2011 until 2019; therefore, the total sample obtained was 11 samples. Analysis for efficiency level is done by using linear programming Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), with test tool in the form of Frontier 4.1 and Eviews9 to find out what factors that affect efficiency. Efficiency test is done by involving input and output, while influence test used bank-specific variables comprising bank size, bank financial ratio, and macro-economy variable. Research result shows that there are only two banks that are almost close to being fully efficient firms, but the result still does not indicate that Islamic bank works efficiently. Results of the influence test show that factors affecting Islamic banking efficiency in Indonesia are bank size, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non-Performing Finance (NPF), and Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), while other factors are not influential over the study period.