• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2017

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr.) grows naturally under shading of tree canopy, therefore shading levels take a main role for an optimal growth of sugar palm seedlings. The study was conducted to examine the effect of shading levels on the seedlings growth of sugar palm for up to 11 months under four shading levels: S0 (100% of full sunlight or non-shading), S1 (32% shading level), S2 (56% shading level), and S3 (64% shading level). Sugar palm seedlings grown under the shade (32, 56, and 64%) showed better plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, petiole and rachis length, chlorophyll content, root fresh and dry weights, root volume, and total biomass than those grown without shading. Although there were no significant different responses among the shading treatments on plant height, biomass dry weight, leaf morphological characters, chlorophyll content, and SPAD value, the S2 treatment showed a significant effect on a better root characters. Therefore, it can be concluded that the S2 treatment, 56% shading level, is an optimal shading condition for sugar palm seedlings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.313-320
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• 2005

This study was performed in a 38-year-old Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin) plantation in northeast China. Data were collected from 5 sample trees with different canopy position ranging in DBH from 14.6 cm to 23.8 cm. Sawn speciments that included the biggest knot were taken from the stem below the living crown. Number and distribution of knots per whorl below the living crown were studied by relative height below living crown (RHBC). A linear model expressed as function of whorl age (AGE), whorl height ($H_k$) and the stem diameter at which the whorl was located ($D_k$) was developed to predict the knot diameter and angle. The number of annual rings in four periods and the width of respective zone alone stem were used as dependant variables to analyze the knot develop phases. In average, the number of years from branch birth to ceased forming rings was 7.8, the branches remained alive for 4.2 years without forming annual rings, and branches were occluded 14.4 years after their death. These results can provide abundance branch and knot information so as to describe current and past tree growth dynamic of Mongolian pine plantation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.416-425
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• 2011

To analyze the physical processes of sea-breeze development over a coastal urban area, numerical simulation for seabreeze (SB) and its frontogenesis was examined based on urbanized MM5 (uMM5) with urban canopy parameterization. On 6 August 2006, SB and its front were well developed in Busan under a weak offshore flow. As a result of wind vector, ZVB (Zero Velocity Boundary), potential temperature obtained the uMM5, at 0900 LST, SB advanced below 200 m height in the coastal areas and the internal boundary grew with the urban coastal region. At noon, the height of the SB head with updraft was approximately one and a half times (~600 m) higher than its depth in central urban. Applying the frontogenesis function, the SB structure for frontogenesis and frontolysis were complicated spatially; the dynamic effects of wind (i.e. convergence and tilting term) could play an important role in the growth of SB, especially the convergence effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.172-179
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• 2010

This study was conducted to establish a management plan for the Songrim woodland restoration by analyzing the site characteristics of the Songrim Woodland Natural Monument (Natural Monument 445) in Hadong-Gun, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Korea. The Songrim woodland was a pure pine forest. To stimulate the growth of sub-trees or mid- story vegetation in both a non-rest year forest and a rest year forest, it is recommended to take a silvicultural practices such as pruning because canopy of over-story trees was closely covered. The Songrim woodland in the non-rest year forest severely competed among individual trees of DBH classes of 60 cm and height of 18 m, while the woodland in the rest-year forest competed with DBH classes of 62 cm and height of 10 m, respectively. Soil physical property such as soil hardness, soil pore space rates, and pF 2.7 was restored following the rest-year forest designation. Mean salt concentration in the Songrim woodland soils was 0.006%. The result suggests that it is needed to take a study to prevent the salt inputs to conserve the Songrim woodland.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.27-38
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• 2012

As the necessity of forest conservation and management has been increased, various forest studies using LIDAR data have been actively performed. These studies often utilize the tree height as an important parameter to measure the forest quantitatively. This study thus attempt to apply two representative methods to estimate tree height from airborne LIDAR data and compare the results. The first method based on the detection of the individual trees using a local maximum filter estimates the number of trees, the position and heights of the individual trees, and the mean tree height. The other method estimates the maximum and mean tree height, and the crown mean height for each grid cell or the entire area from the canopy height model (CHM) and height histogram. In comparison with the field measurements, 76.6% of the individual trees are detected correctly; and the estimated heights of all trees and only conifer trees show the RMSE of 1.91m and 0.75m, respectively. The tree mean heights estimated from CHM retain about 1~2m RMSE, and the histogram method underestimates the tree mean height with about 0.6m. For more accurate derivation of diverse forest information, we should select and integrate the complimentary methods appropriate to the tree types and estimation parameters.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.471-480
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of breeding bird community in relation to altitude and vegetation in Jirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 4 study sites by point counts method to figure out habitat environment and breeding bird community from March to August in 2006. The study results are summarized as follows: Total 32 species were recorded, and 27 species and density of 37.31 ea/ha in low altitude mixed forest, 23 species and 34.99 ea/ha in low altitude deciduous forest, 18 species and 23.95 ea/ha in high altitude mixed forest, 19 species and 20.21 ea/ha in high altitude deciduous forest, respectively. Eleven species were observed only in the low altitude sites, 4 species were observed only in the high altitude sites. Number of species and density were high in the low altitude sites, and they were high in the mixed forests. In nesting guild analysis, the low altitude sites are similarly found species number of three types but canopy nesting species in the high altitude sites are advent less. In foraging guild analysis, the species number of canopy foraging appeared most highly in all study sites. In the difference analysis of each species density. Four species which are showed the difference in the low altitude sites, owing to vegetation. Long-tailed Tit(Aegithalos caudatus) and Great tit(Parus major) are difference because of difference in volume of canopy layer, and Coal Tit(Parus ater) was difference because of coniferous forest preference quality. Four species(Hazel Grouse, Winter Wren, Pale Thrush, Yellow-throated Bunting) which are showed the difference of the density in the high altitude sites because of thick growth of the bush layer. Ten species which are showed the difference in study sites, owing to altitude. Oriental Cuckoo(Cuculus saturatus), Winter Wren(Troglodytes troglodytes), Siberian Blue Robin(Luscinia cyane), Arctic Warbler(Phylloscopus borealis), Coal Tit(Parus ater), and Yellow-throated Bunting(Emberiza elegans) appeared highly in the high altitude sites, Pale Thrush(Turdus pallidus), Long-taild Tit(Aegithalos caudatus), Varied Tit(Parus varius), and Eurasian Nuthatch(Sitta europaea) appeared highly in the low altitude sites. It seems that bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer total coverage volume do influences on the breeding bird community, because the bush layer was thick growth, and canopy layer coverage volume was difference. It would be needed the management and maintenance of bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer with multi-layer structure to increase foliage height diversity and total coverage volume for the protection and management of bird community in Jirisan National Park.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.571-574
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• 2010

Large-eddy simulation has been conducted to simulate turbulent boundary-layer flows over an array of regularly distributed obstacles considering various cases of a wind incident angle. The effect of wind direction was investigated in the square cube array that periodic boundary condition was imposed. Characteristics of the turbulent flow over the obstacle array have been found to be very sensitive to the direction of prevailing wind or of mean wind or of mean pressure gradient but varied with height, specially below the urban canopy. Turbulent statistics are changed sensitively with the direction of mean pressure gradient around 10 degree.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.332-335
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• 2008

Newly developing SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensors commonly include high resolution X-band those data are expected to contribute various applications. Recent few studies are presenting potential of X-band SAR data in forest related application. This study tried to investigate the relationship between forest stand parameters and multi-band SAR normalized backscattering. Multi-band SAR data was radiometric corrected to compare signal from different forest stand condition. Then correlation coefficients were estimated between attribute of forest stand map and normalized backscattering coefficients. Although overall correlation coefficients are not high, only X-band shows strong relationship with DBH class than other bands. The signal of C- and L-band is composed of a large number of discrete tree components such as leaves, stems, even background soil. In forest, strength of radar backscattering is affected by complex parameters. Further study might be considered more various forest stand parameters such as canopy density, stand height, volume, and biomass.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1993

This studies were conducted to investigate on the shade adaptation of native Sedum kamchaticum and Disporum smilacinum. All plants were grow under the controlled light intensity conditions, which controlled by two shading materials, white and/or black shading net. The results obtained were as follow. 1. Daily changes of the shading area around of the building were various by building height, width and direction. 2. Upper canopy was composed to Pinus densiflora as dominant species in native sites of Disporum species. 3. Many branches of Disporum smilacinum were sprouted after pinching. However their growth were less elongated shorter than those of Disporum viridescens. 4. Sedum sarmentosum was poor growth under the low relative light intensity as 50%, however, the growth of this species closely was similiar as under the full sun condition.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.516-518
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• 2012

일반적으로 표적에 대한 탐지는 감시장비의 성능과 지형지물의 차폐 여부가 가장 큰 영향을 준다. 본 연구는 SRTM DSM (Digital Surface Model)과 국방지형정보단 DEM (Digital Elevation Model) 그리고 여기에 수목고를 고려한 DCM (Digital Canopy Model)고도를 기반으로 탐지확률 실험을 하였다. 실험결과 DCM과 DEM 기반의 탐지확률 결과가 가장 유사성이 높았고, SRTM과 DEM 기반의 탐지 확률은 차이가 나는 것으로 확인하였다. 따라서 SRTM이 이론적으로 DSM으로 고려되지만, 향후 추가적인 연구를 통해 이에 대한 분석이 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.