• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Background: Though the biomass of floral vegetation in understory plant communities in a forested ecosystem only accounts for less than 1% of the total biomass of a forest, they contain most of the floral resources of a forest. The diversity of understory honey plants determines visitation rate of pollinators such as honey bee (Apis mellifera) as they provide rich food resources. Since the flower visitation and foraging activity of pollinators lead to the provision of pollination service, it also means the enhancement of plant-pollinator relationship. Therefore, an appropriate management scheme for understory vegetation is essential in order to conserve pollinator population that is decreasing due to habitat destruction and disease infection. This research examined the diversity of understory honey plant and studied how it is related to environmental variables such as (1) canopy density, (2) horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height, (3) slope gradient, and (4) distance from roads. Vegetation survey data of 39 plots of mixed forests in Chuncheon, Korea, were used, and possible management practices for understory vegetation were suggested. Results: This study found that 113 species among 141 species of honey plant of the forests were classified as understory vegetation. Also, the understory honey plant diversity is significantly positively correlated with distance from the nearest road and horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height and negatively correlated with canopy density. Conclusions: The diversity of understory honey plant vegetation is correlated to vegetation structure and human impact. In order to enhance the diversity of understory honey plant, management of density and height of canopy is necessary. This study suggests that improved diversity of canopy cover through thinning of overstory vegetation can increase the diversity of understory honey plant species.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제107권4호
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• pp.412-421
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• 2018

본 연구는 산림시업이 소나무임분의 수관연료특성 변화에 미치는 영향을 예측하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 국가산림자원자료 중 시업지 1,085 stands, 비시업지 349 stands의 표본점 자료를 분석에 이용하였으며, Weibull 함수를 사용하여 시간에 따른 임분생장과 수관연료특성에 대해 예측하였다. 산림시업유무에 따른 수관연료특성을 비교해본 결과 비시업지 임분이 시업지 임분에 비해 평균 수관연료량은 약 14% 높게 나타났으며, 연소가능한 수관연료밀도 또한 약 16% 높게 나타났다. Weibull 함수를 사용하여 임령 40년, 50년, 60년의 생장 예측과 수관연료특성 변화를 비교해본 결과, 시업지 임분은 시간이 지남에 따라 중경목, 대경목에 최대임목본수의 증가가 예측된 반면, 비시업지 임분은 소경목, 중경목에서 최대임목본수가 예측되었다. 비시업지 임분이 시업지 임분에 비해 수관연료량, 수관연료밀도의 증가량이 높게 나타나 수관화로의 확산 가능성이 높은 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제102권2호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 주요 침엽수종을 대상으로 수관층 연료특성을 비교 분석하여 수관화 확산 위험성을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 국립산림과학원에서 개발된 바이오매스 추정식과 제 5차 국가산림자원조사자료를 활용하였으며, 이를 통해 임분단위 수관연료량과 지하고를 추정할 수 있는 모델을 개발하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면 잣나무림의 평균 수관연료밀도는 0.34 kg/$m^3$으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 강원지방소나무림 0.28 kg/$m^3$, 곰솔림 0.15 kg/$m^3$, 리기다소나무림 0.15 kg/$m^3$, 중부지방소나무림 0.12 kg/$m^3$, 일본잎갈나무림 0.09 kg/$m^3$ 순으로 나타났다. 임분단위 수관연료량 추정식 모형의 조정결정계수($R^2_{adj}$)는 0.6321~0.9950, 지하고 추정식 모형의 조정결정계수($R^2_{adj}$)는 0.6390~0.8536의 범위를 보였다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2008

Vertical forest distribution is one of the important factors to understand various ecological mechanism such as succession, disturbance and environmental effects. LiDAR data provide information, both the horizontal and vertical distribution of forest structure. The laser scanner survey provided a point cloud, in which the x, y, and z coordinates of the points are known. The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze factors of forest structure such as individual tree isolation, tree height, canopy closure and tree density using LiDAR data and 2) to compare the forest structure between outer and interior forest. The paper conducted to extract the individual tree using watershed algorithm and to interpolate using the first return of LiDAR data for yielding digital surface model (DSM). The results of the study show characters of edge such as more isolated individual trees, higher density, lower canopy closure, and lower tree height than those of interior forest. LiDAR data is to be useful for analyzing of forest structure. Further study should be undertaken with species for more accurate results.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.512-514
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• 2005

Accurate DEM surface of forest floor is very important to extract any meaningful information regarding forest stand structure, such as tree heights, stand density, crown morphology, and biomass. In airborne lidar data processing, DEM data of forest floor is mostly generated by interpolating those elevation points obtained from last laser returns. In this study, we try to analyze the property of the last laser return under relatively dense forest canopy. Airborne laser data were obtained over the study area in relatively dense pine plantation forest. Two DEM data were generated by using all the points in the last laser returns and using only those points after removing non-ground points. From the preliminary analysis on these DEM data, we found that more than half of points among the last laser returns are actually hit from canopy, branches, and understory vegetation that should be removed before generating the surface DEM data.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권3호
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• pp.359-366
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 숲가꾸기 사업이 소나무림의 수관연료특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 숲가꾸기 사업이 실시된 경북 영주지역 소나무림(Pinus densiflora)과 천연림 상태의 봉화지역 소나무림을 대상으로 조사하였으며, 각 지역마다 10본의 표본목을 벌채하여 수관층 연료특성을 비교 분석하였다. 영주지역의 수관층 수분함량은 103.6%, 봉화지역은 104.4%로 나타났으며, 총 수관층 연료에서 수관화 확산 시 연소될 수 있는 이용 가능한 연료의 비율은 영주지역 50.3%, 봉화지역 62.0%로 나타났다. 숲가꾸기 사업이 실시된 영주지역 소나무림의 수관연료밀도는 천연림 상태의 봉화지역 소나무림에 비해 평균 $0.11kg/m^3$ 낮았으며, 지하고는 평균 1.3 m 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 숲가꾸기 사업이 실시된 영주지역 소나무림이 천연림 상태인 봉화지역 소나무림에 비해 산불 발생 시 수관화로의 전이 가능성이 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 1991

한국의 전통적 식생활과 관계가 깊은 나물용, 밥밑용 대두품종들의 수？성과 증수가능성을 검토하기 위하여 재식밀도 시험을 실시하였다. 나물용품종으로 단엽콩, 밥밑용품종으로 검정콩과 장려품종인 팔달콩을 $m^2$당 10본에서 80본까지 5가지 재식밀도에서 시험하였다 1 재식밀도가 증가함에 따라 세품종 모두 단위면적당 지상부 건물중은 늘어났으며 LAI는 협비대 중기에서 종실비대기 사이에서 최대에 달하였고 밀도에 따라 단엽콩은 6-10, 검정콩은 5-9, 팔달콩은 5-8을 나타내었다. 한계 LAI는 품종에 따라 5.4-6.2로 추정되었고 엽적밀도에 따라 군락내 지표광도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 종실수량은 단엽에서 $m^2$당 40본에 이를 때까지 계속 증가하여 444.5kg/10a으로 최고수량을 나타내었고 그이상의 고밀도에서는 감소하였다. 반면 검정콩은 밀도에 따른 수량차이가 인정되지 않았고 팔달콩은 최고밀도인 80본까지 증가하여 405.7kg/10a의 최고수량을 나타내었다. 개체당 래수와 입수는 밀도증가에 반비례하여 감소되었고 100입중은 검정콩에서 약간 감소하였을 뿐 큰영향은 없었다. 3 엽면적 source와 종실 sink의 증가는 단엽콩과 팔달콩에서 수량증가로 나타날수 있었으나 대입종인 검정콩에서는 증수에 기여하지 못하여 수량성이 낮은 품종으로 결론지었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2008

Diurnal variation of the flow over a forest canopy on a mountain slope is simulated numerically. In the daytime, the earth surface is heated by the solar radiation and the flow goes up the mountain due to the buoyancy force, and during the night, the air is drained downward along the slope owing to the cooling of the surface by radiation. In this flow process the forest canopy that consists of leaf region and the trunk region plays a dominant role as a momentum sink to the flow, thus the modeling of the leaf area region and trunk region is critical to the successful flow simulation. In the present study, a field measurement in an experimental forest in the State of Oregon in the United States is numerically analyzed. The resistance to the flow in the leaf region is directly related to the leaf area density (LAD), and the trunk is modeled as a cylinder.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to develop numerical simulation model for analysing the wind speed reduction effect by coastal forest belts. The horizontally homogeneous turbulent flow equations, which are derived from the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method, both above the tree canopy and within the canopy were first formulated, and a first-order closure scheme with the capability of accounting the bulk momentum transport term within the canopy was employed. The averaged equations were solved numerically by finite difference method, FTCS (forward time centered space) scheme. The proposed model was also used to numerically investigate the effects of structural characteristic of forest belt on the wind speed. The effects of maximum leaf area density were evaluated, with the leaf area density of $1.0m^2/m^3$, $2.0m^2/m^3$, $3.0m^2/m^3$, and $4.0m^2/m^3$. Vertical distributions of leaf area, both uniform and varied distribution with a height, were also considered. A comparison of wind profile indicated that there was in good agreements between simulated and measured wind speed. Also, the results showed horizontal wind speed decreased under a height of the tree with increasing maximum leaf area density. In conclusion, in applications where computational efficiency and simplicity are desirable, the proposed numerical model has of great capability to determine the vertical turbulent momentum transport and wind profile in the costal forest belt.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: The vigorous shoot growth in upper part of apple tree canopy leads to poor fruit quality and flower bud formation in lower part of canopy. So, this study was conducted to develop the proper control method about the shoot growth in upper part of apple tree canopy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Trunks of 'Fuji'/M9 apple trees were cut (back pruned) to 2.5 m in tree height on 11 February (dormant) or 12 April (full bloom). Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was applied at 2.0% to cut surface when trunk was pruned. Prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) was sprayed at 250 mg/L above 2.0 m in tree height at 23 April (petal fall). The NAA or Pro-Ca application after trunk was pruned at dormant (TR-2 and TR-3) significantly reduced shoot growth in upper part of canopy compared with the control (tree was only pruned at dormant, TR-1), but the percent of shoots showing the secondary growth of TR-3 was higher over 2 times than that of TR-2. The reduction of shoot growth in upper part of canopy by TR-2 and TR-3 increased the fruit red color from the lower part in the treating year and blooming of the lower part in the following year. CONCLUSION: Applying 2.0% NAA to cut surface of pruned apple trunk at dormant was the most effective way for stabilization of the tree vigor in upper part of the canopy in a high density apple orchard.