• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2020

This study was conducted to survey pathogens of canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine influenza virus (CIV), canine parvovirus (CPV), severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), Dirofilaria (D.) immitis, Giardia and antibodies against Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum, Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi, Brucella (B.) canis and Ehrlichia (E.) canis among stray dogs in Gyeonggi province. We collected 271 feces, 291 bloods, 311 nasal and ocular swab samples from 311 of dogs in the Gyeonggi province assistance dogs sharing center from January to December, 2019. Among canine infectious disease pathogens, Giardia was highly detected in 46/271 (17.0%) samples. Subsequently, CCV 10.3% (28/271), D. immitis 8.2% (24/291), CPV 4.1% (11/271), CDV 1.0% (3/311), A. phagocytophilum (antibody) 0.3% (1/291), E. canis (antibody) 0.3% (1/291) were detected. Based on the results, this study is expected to provide a useful reference for disease control and management of stray dogs.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2020

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), also known as infectious tracheobronchitis or kennel cough occurs in a multiple-dog environment such as a shelter. In this study, we were collected 300 of nasal swab samples from dogs and 145 of environmental samples from a shelter to investigate respiratory pathogens of dogs in the Gwangju metropolitan city animal shelter from February to October, 2019. Bacteria cultures for isolation of Bordetella (B.) bronchiseptica and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed for detection of eleven canine respiratory pathogens, namely Mycoplasma (M.) cynos, canine distemper virus (CDV), canine influenza virus (CIV), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), alpha-coronavirus (CCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), canine hepacivirus (CHeV), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2), canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) and canine bocavirus (CBoV). Among 300 nasal swab samples, 148 samples (49.3%) were positive for at least one pathogens. CHV-1 was the most common pathogen, found in 95/300 (31.7%) samples. Subsequently, M. cynos (22.0%), B. bronchiseptica (2.3%), CPIV (2.0%), CBoV (1.7%), CCoV (0.7%) were detected. The detection rates of M. cynos and CHV-1 according to the duration of stay in the shelter were statistically significant. Among environmental samples, M. cynos, CCoV, CBoV and CHV-1 were detected in 45/145 (31.0%). These results indicated the need for disease control and prevention systems in the shelter.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1109-1114
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• 2016

H3N2 canine influenza virus emerged in South Korea in 2007 and subsequently spread to China and Thailand, causing epidemic or endemic respiratory diseases in dogs. Through intermammalian species transmission, the virus has also infected cats. However, no direct evidence of significant genetic evolution has been reported since its first emergence. Here, we describe in depth the genetic and molecular characteristics of the ancestral strain (i.e., the first virus isolate from South Korea) of the H3N2 canine influenza virus currently circulating in East Asia.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2014

Animals and disease frequency of the rescued dogs were investigated in Incheon Veterinary Medical Association Animal Shelter from January in 2012 to December in 2013. Three zoonoses (rabies, brucellosis, and dirofilariosis) and three infectious diseases (canine distemper, canine parvoviral enteritis, and canine influenza) were examined for stray dogs. Among 5,603 heads, 647 (11.5%) went back to their owner and 969 (17.3%) were adopted to new families. Prevalence of dirofilariosis, canine distemper and canine parvoviral enteritis were 2.2% (16/718), 6.0% (24/399) and 6.1% (24/396), respectively. Positive antibody rates against rabies, B. canis and canine influenza virus were 20.5% (41/200), 0.1% (1/718) and 2.0% (4/200), respectively. Protective antibody for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus were shown in 47.0% (94/200). The data indicate that control measures including facility standards and disease control program are one of the important aspects of the shelter management because stray dogs are exposed to various infectious agents.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.942-948
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• 2021

Canine influenza virus (CIV) induces acute respiratory disease in dogs. In this study, we aimed to determine the signaling pathways leading to the induction of IFN-β in a canine respiratory epithelial cell line (KU-CBE) infected with the H3N2 subtype of CIV. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and transcription factors were used to block the IFN-β induction signals in H3N2 CIV-infected KU-CBE cells. Among the PRRs, only the TLR3 and RIG-I expression levels significantly (p < 0.001) increased in CIV-infected cells. Following transfection with siRNA specific to TLR3 (siTLR3) or RIG-I (siRIG-I), the mRNA expression levels of IFN-β significantly (p < 0.001) decreased, and the protein expression of IFN-β also decreased in infected cells. In addition, co-transfection with both siTLR3 and siRIG-I significantly reduced IRF3 (p < 0.001) and IFN-β (p < 0.001) mRNA levels. Moreover, the protein concentration of IFN-β was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in cells co-transfected with both siTLR3 and siRIG-I than in cells transfected with either siTLR3 or siRIG-I alone. Also, the antiviral protein MX1 was only expressed in KU-CBE cells infected with CIV or treated with IFN-β or IFN-α. Thus, we speculate that IFN-β further induces MX1 expression, which might suppress CIV replication. Taken together, these data indicate that TLR3 and RIG-I synergistically induce IFN-β expression via the activation of IRF3, and the produced IFN-β further induces the production of MX1, which would suppress CIV replication in CIV-infected cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.317-320
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• 2015

H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) causes respiratory diseases in the horse population, and it has been demonstrated that EIV can transmit into dogs owing to its availability on receptors of canine respiratory epithelial cells. Recently, we isolated H3N8 EIV from an EIV-vaccinated horse that showed symptoms of respiratory disease, and which has a partially truncated nonstructural gene (NS). However, it is not clear that the NS-truncated EIV has an ability to cross the host species barrier from horses to dogs as well. Here, we experimentally infected the NS-truncated H3N8 EIV into dogs, and monitored their clinical signs and viral load in respiratory organs to determine the virus's transmissibility.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 2020

Canine heartworm disease is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted from dog to dog by mosquitoes. It causes epidemics that disrupt the health environments of dogs and are burdensome for many dog owners. Recent trends of changing temperatures and weather conditions in South Korea may have an impact on the population of mosquitoes, and it affects the population of dogs at risk of heartworm infection. Mathematical modeling has become an important measure for analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases. However, canine heartworm infection transmission has not been reported yet through mathematical modeling. We develop a mathematical model of canine heartworm infection to predict the population of infected dogs depending on the vector (mosquito) population using a susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered model. Simulation results show that after 1 year, 3,289 dogs out of 73,602 (about 4.5%) are exposed and 134 (about 0.2%) are infected. Only 0.2% of susceptible dogs become infected after 1 year. However, if all exposed dogs are maintained in the same circumstances without any treatment, then the number of infected subjects will increase over time. This may increase the possibility of other dogs, especially dogs that live outside, being infected.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.37.1-37.7
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• 2023

Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is a significant pathogen that causes respiratory diseases in dogs, collectively known as a canine infectious respiratory disease. The virus is highly contagious and exhibits high seroprevalence worldwide. Currently, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits are used to detect CRCoV antibodies. However, BCoV-ELISA kits cannot differentiate between infections caused by BCoV and those caused by CRCoV. In this study, we evaluated the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for CRCoV by comparing it with the virus neutralization (VN) test. Subsequently, we evaluated the seroprevalence of CRCoV in 383 dog serum samples collected from South Korea utilizing the HI test. The HI test for CRCoV showed a strong correlation with the VN test (R = 0.83, p < 0.001). The analysis of seroprevalence revealed that 52.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.2%-57.1%) of the Korean dog serum samples were positive. The seroprevalence exhibited varied with age, with a positivity rate of 43.9% in dogs under 1 year of age and 66.7% in dogs aged 3 to 5 years (odds ratio, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.43-4.59). In conclusion, the HI test to monitor CRCoV antibody proved to be closely related to the VN test. Furthermore, over half of the dogs in Korea tested positive for CRCoV antibodies. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the sero-epidemiology of CRCoV.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.63.1-63.9
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• 2020

Background: Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) induces infectious laryngotracheitis in members of the family Canidae, including dogs. To date, no ELISA kits specific for CAV-2 antibody have been commercialized for dogs in Korea. Objectives: We aimed to develop new indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) to perform rapid, accurate serological surveys of CAV-2 in dog serum samples. Methods: In total, 165 serum samples were collected from dogs residing in Chungbuk and Gyeongbuk provinces between 2016 and 2018. The Korean CAV-2, named the APQA1701-40P strain, was propagated in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and purified in an anion-exchange chromatography column for use as an antigen for I-ELISA. The virus-neutralizing antibody titers of CAV-2 in the dog sera were measured by virus neutralization (VN) test. Results: We compared the results obtained between the VN and new I-ELISA tests. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of new I-ELISA were 98.6%, 86.4% and 97.0% compared with VN test, respectively. New I-ELISA was significantly correlated with VN (r = 0.91). Conclusions: These results indicate that new I-ELISA is useful for sero-surveillance of CAV-2 in dog serum.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.78.1-78.6
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• 2023

Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza A viruses (CIVs) have become enzootic in China and Korea and have sporadically transmitted to North America, causing multiple epidemics. We isolated six CIVs in Korea from CIV-infected patients during 2014-2017 and conducted whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results revealed that CIVs have circulated and evolved in Korea since the early 2000s and then diversified into a new clade, probably contributing to multiple epidemics in China, the USA, and Canada. Our findings bridge an evolutionary gap for understanding the global transmission of CIVs, emphasizing the significance of continuous monitoring of CIVs.