• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 1999

목적 : 본 연구는 일부 지역 주민들의 호스피스에 대한 인지와 태도 및 호스피스 간호 요구를 조사하고, 호스피스에 대한 인지와 태도에 따른 호스피스 간호요구를 파악하기 위함이다. 방법 : 1998년 9월부터 10월까지 서초구에 거주하는 $20{\sim}60$세의 성인 남녀 924명을 대상으로 하였으며, 자료는 자기보고식 설문지를 통하여 수집되었고, t-test와 ANOVA를 사용하여 분석하였고 Scheffe test로 다중비교를 하였다. 결과 : 1) 연구대상자의 평균연령은 38세였고, 대부분이 고학력자였다. 2) 호스피스에 대한 인지에서, 호스피스에 대해 들어 본 경험이 있다고 한 경우가 54.1%(501명)였으며, 그 중에서 64%가 여성이었고, 고졸 이상 학력자가 90.7%이었다. 죽음을 미리 준비해야 한다고 생각하는가에 대하여는 약 74%가 긍정적 대답을 하였다. 암과 같은 불치병에 걸린다면 의료인이 그 사실을 말해주기를 원하는가에 대해서는 약 83%가 원한다고 답하였다. 불치병에 걸린 사람에 대한 간호에 대해서는 63.1%가 고통을 최소로 줄이고 편안한 죽음을 맞이할 수 있도록 신체적, 정신적, 영적인 간호를 제공해야한다고 응답하였다. 3) 호스피스에 대한 태도에서, 필요시 호스피스 간호를 받겠다고 한 경우가 약 73.8% 이었고, 말기환자를 돌보는 방법으로는 기정에서 호스피스 팀의 방문을 받으며 돌보는 것이 33.5%로 가장 높았다. 4) 호스피스 간호요구를 영역별로 보면, 신체적 요구(M=4.37)가 가장 높았고 사회적 요구(M=3.96), 정서적 요구(M=3.87), 영적 요구(M=3.79)순이었으며, 전체 요구도는 평균 약 4.00점으로 호스피스에 대한 높은 요구를 보였다. 인구학적 특성별로는, 50세 이상의 연령층과 기혼자들에서 요구도가 가장 높았고, 남성보다 여성이 높았으며, 종교별로는 가톨릭의 경우 요구도가 가장 높았다. 호스피스 간호 요구도는 호스피스에 대해 들어본 경험, 죽음에 대한 준비, 불치병에 대한 통고 및 호스피스의 필요성 인식에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 즉, 호스피스에 대해 들어본 군, 죽음을 미리 준비해야 된다고 전적으로 긍정한 군, 불치병에 대한 통고를 원하는 군, 그리고 필요시에 호스피스 간호를 받겠다는 군에서 호스피스 간호 요구도가 유의하게 높았다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과는 호스피스에 대한 인지정도를 높일 수 있는 홍보와 교육이 필요함을 시사하며, 지역사회 주민들의 요구를 충족시켜 삶의 질을 향상시키기 위한 가정 호스피스를 발전시키고 나아가서는 전반적인 호스피스 발전을 위한 유용한 자료가 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2019

[목적] B형 간염바이러스(hepatitis B virus, HBV)감염은 전세계적으로 중요한 공중 보건 문제이며 만성간염, 간 경변, 간암의 주요 원인으로 알려져 있으며, 이러한 질환의 진단 및 치료에 B형 간염바이러스의 혈청학적 검사는 필수적이다. 항 바이러스 치료중인 B형 간염 환자를 대상으로 면역방사계수 측정법(IRMA; Immunoradiometric assay)과 화학발광 미세입자 면역분석법(CMIA; Chemiluminescent Micropartical Immunoassay)을 이용하여 HBe-Ag 검사를 시행하였고, 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-PCR; Realtime-Polymerase Chain Reaction)법을 이용하여 혈청 내 HBV DNA 검출율 을 비교 분석 하였다. [대상 및 방법] 항 바이러스 치료가 시행중인 B형 간염 환자 270명을 대상으로 HBeAg 혈청 검사와 HBV DNA 정량 검사를 실시하였다. HBeAg 혈청 검사는 검출 원리가 다른 두 가지 혈청학적 검사법(IRMA, CMIA)을 적용 하였고, 혈청 내 HBV DNA는 Abbott m2000 System을 사용하여 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-PCR; Realtime-Polymerase Chain Reaction)법으로 정량 측정 하였다. [결과] HBeAg 검출율은 면역방사계수법(IRMA)의 경우 24.1% (65/205), 화학발광 미세입자 면역 분석법(CMIA)에서는 82.2% (222/48)의 결과를 보였다. 혈청학적 검사방법(IRMA, CMIA)에 따른 HBeAg 검사결과의 일치율은 33% (89/270)이다. 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-PCR)을 이용한 혈청 내 HBV DNA의 검출율은 29.3% (79/191)를 보였고, 혈청 내 HBV-DNA 농도는 $16IU/mL{\times}1.0{\times}10^9IU/mL$ 이며 검출한계는 <15IU/mL 이다. 면역방사계수법(IRMA)으로 HBeAg 검출결과가 양성일때 55.4%, 그리고 음성일때 20.9%의 HBV DNA 검출율과 $1.1{\times}10^8IU/mL$, $5.7{\times}10^5IU/mL$의 혈청내 HBV DNA농도를 나타냈다. 이에 반해 화학발광 미세입자 면역 분석법(CMIA)의 경우 HBeAg 검출결과가 양성일때 HBV DNA 검출율은 28.4%, 음성일때 33.3%의 결과를 나타냈으며 혈청 내 HBV DNA농도는 $6.0{\times}10^7IU/mL$, $2.4{\times}10^5IU/mL$ 이었다. 면역방사계수법과 화학발광 미세입자 면역 분석법에서 동일하게 HBeAg 검출 결과가 양성인 경우 HBV DNA 검출율은 62.3%의 결과를 보였으며, 혈청 내 HBV DNA 농도는 $1.1{\times}10^8IU/mL$ 이다. [결론] 혈청학적 검사법에 따른 HeAg 검출율은 많은 차이를 보였다. 이러한 차이는 검사kit에 사용된 Ab의 특성과 epitope, HBV의 genotype등 여러 가지 원인으로 생각된다. 혈청학적 검사 결과로 분류 된 그룹별 HBV DNA의 검출율과 농도를 비교한 결과, Group II(IRMA 양성, CMIA 양성, N=53)에서 높은 검출율과 농도를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.13-47
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• 1975

대나무류(類)는 열대방지(熱帶方地)에서 총생(叢生)하는 대형(大型)의 대나무가 많고, 온대(溫帶)가 되면 소형(小型)의 세류(笹類)로 퇴화(退化)하여, 그 종류(種類)는 세계(世界)에 50속(屬) 1,000여종(餘種)이나 있다고하여 그 종류수(種類數)는 대단(大端)히 많다. 이와 같은 대나무는 동양(東洋)에서는 건엽용(建葉用)과 공예용(工藝用)으로 이용(利用)되고있으며, 또한 죽순(竹筍)은 식용(食用)으로서 특유(特有)한 맛이있어 상용(賞用)되고있을 뿐만아니라 최근(最近)에는 세류(笹類)의 액즙(液汁)이 암(癌)에도 효과(効果)가 있다고 하여 중요(重要)한 산업(産業)으로서 발달(發達)하게되었다. 그리고 동남아(東南亞)에서는 삽목(揷木)으로서 용이(容易)하게 증산(增産)하여 pulp재(材)로 사용(使用)하게되여 대단(大端)히 중요시(重要視)하고있다. 이와같이 대나무는 인류생활(人類生活)에 필요부가결(必要不可決)한 목본식물(木本植物)이지만 아직까지 그 형태(形態)의 분류(分類)가 명확(明確)하게 되어 있지 않고 지연되여 있는 형편이다. 18세기(世紀) 중반기(中半期)의 Linne시대(時代)에 들어와서 생식기관(生殖器管)을 주체(主體)로 한 그 형태(形態)의 분류체계(分類體系)가 만들어진 이래(以來) 수정(修正)이 거듭되여온 바 있으나 대나무는 개화(開花)가 일정(一定)한 주기(周期)가 있어서 60-120년(年)의 기나긴 세월(歲月)이 소요(所要)되기 때문에 그의 형태적(形態的) 분류체계(分類體系)를 완성(完成)하는일은 극(極)히 어려운 일이었다. 오늘날까지 대나무에 관(關)한 많은 문헌(文獻)이 있기는 하나 그 시료(試料)가 적기때문에 불확실(不確實)한 기재(記載)도 많이있었고 속(屬)이 변경(變更)된것도 간혹(間或)있어서 그것을 공인(公認)할수 없는 것이 많이 있다. 그래서 내부(內部)의 형태적(形態的)인 분류(分類)에 관(關)하여는 근년(近年)에 이르러 중국(中國)의 Liese씨(氏)에 의(依)하여 겨우 시작(始作)이 되였으며, 또한 독일(獨逸)의 Grosser씨등(氏等)이 유관속(維管束)의 형태(形態)에 착안(着眼)하여 새로운 형태(形態)의 분류(分類)를 시도(試圖)한바있다. 그러나 이들의 이 형태(形態)에 관한 분류(分類)는 Holttum의 자방(子房)의 형태(形態)에 의(依)한 분류(分類)와 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있는것 뿐이었다. 따라서 필자(筆者)는 유관속초(維管束鞘)의 형태(形態)에 의(依)해 자유중국산(自由中國産)의 대나무 11속(屬) 26종류(種類)를 재료(材料)로하여 대나무의 형태(形態)에 관(關)한 분류체계(分類體系)에 대(對)하여 재고(再考)를 시도(試圖)하여 보았다. 그 결과(結果) Grosser씨(氏) 등(等)의 형태(形態)의 분류(分類)와 일부(一部)는 일치(一致)하였으나, Bambusa와 Dendrocalamus는 분류(分類)하기가 곤란(困難)하였던 것을 고립유관속초(孤立維管束鞘)의 존부(存否)로서 명확(明確)히 구별(區別)할수있었고 또한 종류(種類)가 많은 Bambusa를 2개(個)의 형(型)으로 나눌수가 있었다. 따라서 이 결과(結果)는 앞으로 아속(亞屬)이나 혹(或)은 절(節)로서의 분류(分類)로서 고려(考慮)되여야 할 문제(問題)라고 생각한다. 왜냐하면 이 근거(根據)는, 죽간(竹稈)의 최외층(最外層)에서 최내층(最內層)으로 향(向)하여 변화(變化)하고있는 형태(形態)에 착안(着眼)하여, 그 분화적(分化的)인 면(面)을 관찰(觀察)하였기 때문이다. 이 형태적(形態的)인 분화(分化)에 관(關)한 관찰(觀察)은 형태분류(形態分類)의 철칙(鐵則)인 "간단(簡單)한 것에서 복잡(複雜)한 것으로 진화(進化)한다"라고하는 철칙(鐵則)에 있어서도 충분(充分)히 조사(調査)하여 보았는데, 그 결과(結果)는 생식기관(生殖器官)의 형태적분류(形態的分類)와 대조(對照)하여 결정(決定)되어야 할 것이며, 금후(今後)의 문제(問題)로서 계속연구(繼續硏究)할까 생각한다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 대한한방종양학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-53
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• 1998

과학기술(科學技術)의 발전(發展)에 따른 생활(生活) 및 의료(醫療) 수준의 향상(向上)에도 불구하고 산업발전(産業發展)에 따른 환경오염(環境汚染), 스트레스 증가(增加) 등 그 역기능(逆機能) 때문에 발암물질(發癌物質) 또는 자극(刺戟)에의 노출(露出) 등으로 인해서 전세계적(全世界的)으로 암(癌)으로 인(因)한 사망율(死亡率)이 증가(增加)되고 있다. 암(癌)은 현재(現在) 인류(人類)의 건강(健康)을 위협하는 주요(主要)한 질환(疾患)의 하나로, 오늘날 우리 나라에서 질환(疾患)으로 인(因)한 사망원인중(死亡原因中) 수위(首位)를 차지하고 있다. 이러한 암(癌)의 발생(發生)은 80%-90%가 환경적(環境的) 인자(因子)에 기인(起因)한다고 보고(報告)되고 있는데 앞으로 환경성(環境性) 발암물질(發癌物質)이 점차 증가(增加)됨에 따라 암환자(癌患者)의 발생(發生)도 더욱 증가(增加)될 것으로 예상(豫想)된다. 암(癌)의 서의학적(西醫學的) 치료(治療)는 주로 수술요법(手術療法), 방사선요법(放射線療法), 화학요법(化學療法) 및 면역요법(免疫療法) 등이 활용(活用)되고 있다. 이중 수술요법(手術療法)과 방사선요법(放射線療法)은 암(癌)이 전신(全身)에 전이(轉移) 증식(增殖)되기 전에 실시(實施)함으로써 효과(效果)를 거둘 수는 있으나, 암(癌)이 원발병소(原發病巢) 이외(以外)에까지 전이(轉移) 증식(增殖)되었을 경우에는 이 두가지 방법(方法)의 국소요법(局所療法)만으로서는 좋은 치료효과(治療效果)를 거두기 어렵다. 따라서 최근 항암제(抗癌劑)에 의한 화학요법(化學療法)이 다른 방법(方法)보다 유효(有效)하다고 인정(認定)이 되어 가장 많이 활용(活用)되고 있으나, 암종(癌種)에 대한 감수성차이(感受性差異), 치료후(治療後)의 부작용(副作用), 재발(再發) 및 합병증(合倂症) 등의 문제점(問題點)때문에 부작용(副作用)을 감소(減少)시키면서 항암효과(抗癌效果)를 높이는 치료법(治療法)이 계속 연구(硏究)되고 있다. 이에 1972년(年) 미국(美國) 국립암연구소(國立癌硏究所)에서 실시(實施)한 항암제(抗癌劑) 개발연구(開發硏究)에 있어서 항종양성(抗腫瘍性) Screening test에 이용(利用)된 물질중(物質中) 약 47%가 천연물질(天然物質)이었다는 사실은 주목(注目)할만 하다. 한의학적(韓醫學的) 치료법(治療法)은 최근(最近)에 변증시치(辨證施治)를 근간(根幹)으로 하여 건비익기(健脾益氣)를 위주(爲主)로한 부정거사법(扶正祛邪法)과 부정배본법(扶正培本法)이 많이 활용(活用)되고 있으며 부정법(扶正法)으로는 익기건비(益氣健脾), 자음보혈(滋陰補血), 온보비신(溫補裨腎) 등이, 거사법(祛邪法)으로는 활혈거어법(活血祛瘀法), 청열해독법(淸熱解毒法), 연견화담법(軟堅化痰法) 등이 활용(活用)되고 있는데, 이를 근거(根據)로 하여 한약(韓藥)의 복방(複方).단미(單味).단미추출물(單味抽出物) 등의 투여(投與)와 침(鍼) 구(灸) 수침(水鍼) 전침(電鍼) laser침(鍼)등의 치료방법(治療方法)을 수술(手術) 후(後) 혹(或)은 화학요법(化學療法)이나 방사선요법(放射線療法)와 병행(幷行)하여 치료효과(治療效果)가 향상(向上)되었다고 보고(報告)하고 있다. 항암제(抗癌劑)의 항암효과(抗癌效果) 정도(程度)를 검사(檢査)하는 방법(方法)은 크게 5가지로 분류(分類)되는데, 하나는 세포(細胞)를 약제(藥劑)에 노출(露出)시킨 후 현미경(顯微鏡)을 통하여 나타난 형태학적(形態學的) 변화(變化)를 가지고 약제(藥劑)의 효과정도(效果程度)를 결정(決定)하는 방법(方法)이고, 둘째는 Dye exclusion assay방법(方法)으로 살아있는 세포(細胞)가 trypan blue, eosin, nigrosin과 같은 염색액(染色液)에 염색(染色)되지 않는 점을 이용(利用)한 것이며, 세번째는 항암제(抗癌劑)의 항암효과(抗癌效果)를 알아보는 지표(指標)로 사용(使用)되는 Crrelease assay가 있으나, 세가지 방법(方法) 모두 현재(現在) 사용(使用)되고 있지 않다. 넷째로는 세포(細胞) 대사(代謝)의 방해정도(妨害程度)를 측정(測定)하거나 세포내(細胞內) 방사성(放射性) 동위원소(同位元素)의 유입방해(流入妨害) 정도(程度)를 측정(測定)하는 방법(方法)이 있고, 다섯째로는 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서 사용(使用)한 방법(方法)으로 stem cell assay라고도 하는 clonogenetic assay가 있는데, 이는 세포(細胞)를 약제(藥劑)에 노출(露出) 시킨 후 soft agar에 single cell suspension으로 배양(培養)하여 그 세포(細胞)의 분열(分裂).증식능력(增殖能力)을 측정(測定)하는 방법(方法)이다. 이 방법(方法)은 특히 성장(成長) 특성(特性)이 다른 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)의 경우 개개(個個) 세포(細胞)에 대한 약제효과(藥劑效果)를 반영(反映)할 수 있어서 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)의 이질성(異質性)에 따른 차이점(差異點)을 보정(補整)할 수 있는 방법(方法)이며, 1971년(年) Park 등이 마우스 골수종(骨髓腫) 세포(細胞)에 대한 stem cell assay를 시행(施行)해 본 결과(結果) in vivo에서의 결과(結果)와 잘 일치(一致)하여 그 이후로는 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)에 대한 항암제(抗癌劑)의 약제(藥劑) 감수성검사(感受性檢査)에 많이 사용(使用)되고 있다. 진령탕가감방은 담습응결(痰濕凝結)을 치료(治療)하는 효능(效能)을 가진 처방(處方)으로 거담작용(祛痰作用)을 가진 반하(半夏), 패모(貝母), 거습작용(祛濕作用)을 가진 의이인(薏苡仁), 백복령, 이기(理氣) 하기작용(下氣作用)을 가진 진피(陳皮), 대자석, 정향(丁香), 비파엽(枇杷葉), 항암작용(抗癌作用)을 가진 용규(龍葵), 반지련(半枝蓮), 모려(牡蠣), 하고초(夏枯草), 저령 등(等)의 약물(藥物)로 구성되어 있다. 근래(近來) 단일약물(單一藥物)의 항암효과(抗癌效果)에 대한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究)로는 금(金) 등에 의한 인삼(人蔘), 녹용(鹿茸)의 항체생산(抗體生産) 억제(抑制) 완화효과(緩和效果) 및 임(任)에 의한 어성초(魚腥草), 녹혈(鹿血), 저령, 천산갑(穿山甲) 등이 정상(正常) 면역세포(免役細胞)에는 거의 독작용(毒作用)을 일으키지 않으면서 강력(强力)한 항암효과(抗癌效果)가 있다는 보고(報告), 금(金) 등에 의한 자완, 동풍채(東風菜), 영지(靈芝), 선학초(仙鶴草), 파두(巴豆) 등이 항암작용(抗癌作用) 및 면역반응(免疫反應)에 효과(效果)를 미친다는 보고(報告) 등이 있고, 복합제제(複合製劑) 약물(藥物)의 항암효과(抗癌效果)에 대한 연구(硏究)로는 강(姜) 등에 의한 식분환(息賁丸), 비기환(肥氣丸) 및 비기환이 백혈병(白血病)과 임파종환자(淋巴腫患者)에서 추출(抽出)한 암세포(癌細胞)에 항암효과(抗癌效果)가 있다는 보고(報告) 및 금(金) 등에 의한 복량환(伏梁丸), 비기환 및 소적정원산(消積正元散)이 각종(各種) 암세포주(癌細胞柱)이 성장저애(成長沮碍) 효과(效果), 윤(尹) 등에 의한 육군자탕(六君子湯), 소시호탕(小柴胡湯), 사묘탕(四妙湯), 대시호탕(大柴胡湯), 방독탕(防毒湯), 반하백출천마탕(半夏白朮天麻湯), 파두(巴豆)를 가미(加味)한 사군자탕(四君子湯) 및 사물탕(四物湯) 등이 항암작용(抗癌作用) 및 면역반응(免疫反應)에 효과(效果)를 보인다는 보고(報告) 등이 있었으나, 아직까지 진령탕가감방의 항암효과(抗癌效果)에 대한 실험연구(實驗硏究)는 없었다. 이에 저자(著者)는 항암효과(抗癌效果)가 있을 것으로 추정(推定)되는 진령탕가감방의 항종양효과(抗種瘍效果)를 알아보기 위하여, 수용성(水溶性) 추출액(抽出液)을 얻은 후 현대(現代) 병리학적(病理學的)으로 다용(多用)하는 colony형성억제실험(形成抑制實驗), SRB assay에 의한 항종양효과(抗種瘍效果), 생명연장율(生命延長率), 화학적(化學的)인 방법(方法)과 암종세포(癌腫細胞) 이식(移植)에 의한 종양(腫瘍) 유발(誘發)을 통하여 암(癌) 발생(發生) 및 그 경과(經過)에 미치는 영향(影響) 및 NK세포활성(細胞活性)에 미치는 영향(影響) 등을 관찰(觀察)하였다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 진령탕가감방의 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)에 대한 증식억제작용(增殖抑制作用)을 관찰(觀察)하고자 in vitro test인 colony형성억제실험(形成抑制實驗)과 SRB assay를 이용(利用)하였는데, 진령탕가감방의 추출액(抽出液)이 종양세포(腫瘍細胞)의 성장(成長)을 억제(抑制)하는 효과(效果)가 농도의존적(濃度依存的)으로 증가(增加)하는 결과(結果)를 보여 항종양(抗腫瘍)의 효과(效果)가 있음을 나타냈고(Table 3, 4), in vivo assay로서 sarcoma 180 복수암세포를 이식(移植)한 마우스의 평균생존일수(平均生存日數)를 관찰(觀察)하여 NCI protocol에 의하여 검정(檢定)한 결과(結果), 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)을 투여(投與)한 마우스의 평균생존기간(平均生存期間) 및 생명연장율(生命延長率)이 뚜렷하게 증가(增加)되었다(Table 5). 또한 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)을 마우스에 투여(投與)하면 MCA로 유도(誘導)한 종양(腫瘍) 및 3LL 세포(細胞) 이식(移植)에 의한 종양(腫瘍)의 발생율(發生率) 및 발생(發生)된 종양(腫瘍)의 크기가 현저히 감소(減少)되었다(Table 6, 7). 이러한 효과(效果)는 진령탕가감방이 감수성(感受性) 암종세포(癌腫細胞)에 직접적으로 영향(影響)을 미쳐 그 증식(增殖)이 억제(抑制)되었을 가능성(可能性)을 생각할 수 있다. 그렇지만 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 암종특이성(癌腫特異性)에 관한 결론(結論)을 내릴 수는 없으므로 암종특이성(癌腫特異性)에 관한 연구(硏究)는 진행(進行)해야 할 것으로 생각된다. 또 다른 가능(可能)한 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)의 항종양(抗腫瘍) 작용기전(作用機轉)은 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 NK세포(細胞)의 활성(活性)을 항진(亢進)시킨 실험결과(實驗結果)로 유추(類推)하여, 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 종양(腫瘍)마우스에 비특이적(非特異的)인 면역활성(免疫活性)을 촉진(促進)시킴으로써 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)의 항종양작용(抗腫瘍作用)이 발현될 가능성(可能性)도 생각할 수 있다. 따라서 앞으로 여러 암종세포(癌腫細胞)에 대한 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)의 항종양작용(抗腫瘍作用)과 종양동물(腫瘍動物)에서의 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液) 투여(投與)에 의한 생체생리현상(生體生理現象)의 변화(變化), 생리활성물질(生理活性物質)의 본능(本能) 등을 밝히기 위한 보다 구체적(具體的)이고 광범위(廣範圍)한 연구(硏究)가 수행(隨行)되어져야 되리라고 사료(思料)된다. 세포성(細胞性) 면역반응중(免疫反應中) 중요(重要)한 역할(役割)을 하는 작동세포중 NK세포(細胞)는 여러 종양(腫瘍)에 대해 자연살해능(自然殺害能)을 보여 소위 T비의존성(非依存性) 면역감시기전(免疫監視機轉)에 관하여는 바이러스 및 세균(細菌)에 감염(感染)된 세포(細胞)를 파괴(破壞)하는 활성(活性)을 가지며, IL-2 및 Interferon 등에 의하여 활성(活性)이 증가(增加)된다. NK세포(細胞)가 표적세포를 파괴(破壞)하는 기전(機轉)에 관해서는 아직 확실히 알려져 있지 않으나, 첫째로 표적세포를 인식(認識)하는 시기(時期), 둘째로 융해기전(融解機轉)을 활성화(活性化)시키는 시기(時期), 셋째로 NK lymphotoxin이 유리(遊離)되는 시기(時期), 넷째로 표적세포의 사멸기(死滅期)로 나눌 수 있다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)으로 전처리(前處理)시 NK세포(細胞)의 표적세포와의 결합능(結合能)은 물론 결합(結合)된 표적세포의 융해능(融解能)이 촉진(促進)된 결과(結果)를 보이는데(Table 8), 이와 같은 결과(結果)는 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 NK세포(細胞)의 표적세포 파괴 4단계 전체를 항진(亢進)시킨 결과(結果)로 인정(認定)된다. 이상에서 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)을 폐암세포주인 A549와 간암세포주인 hep3B 및 신장암 유래의 종양세포주인 Caki-1 cell에 투여(投與)한 결과, in vitro test인 colony형성억제실험(形成抑制實驗)과 SRB assay에서 모두 농도의존적(濃度依存的)으로 암세포주 성장(成長)을 억제(抑制)하였다. 2. Strcoma 180세포(細胞)를 마우스에 이식(移植)하여 평균생존기간(平均生存期間) 및 생명연장율(生命延長率)을 측정(測定)하는 in vivo test에서는 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)이 마우스의 평균생존기간(平均生存期間) 및 생명연장율(生命延長率)을 증가(增加)시키는 결과(結果)를 보였다. 3. 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)은 MCA로 유도(誘導)한 종양(腫瘍)의 발생율(發生率) 및 발생종양(發生腫瘍)의 크기를 현저히 감소(減少)시켰으며, 3LL세포(細胞) 이식(移植)에 의한 종양발생(腫瘍發生) 또한 현저히 감소(減少)시켰다. 4. 진령탕가감방 추출액(抽出液)은 NK세포(細胞)의 활성도(活性度)를 증가(增加)시켰다. 특히 $10{\mu}g/ml$ 농도 에서 NK세포(細胞) 활성도(活性度)가 가장 현저히 증가(增加)되었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 진령탕가감방은 암종세포(癌腫細胞)에 대한 직접적(直接的)인 성장억제(成長抑制) 및 세포(細胞)의 활성(活性)을 통한 면역증진(免疫增進)에 의해 다양(多樣)한 항종양효과(抗腫瘍效果)를 보인 것으로 사료(思料)된다.