• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.433-439
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• 2014

We attempted to develop an indicator combining incidence with mortality rates (single measure of cancer burden, SMCB) and to compare the magnitudes of cancer burden by world region. The SMCB was used to measure the size of cancer burden summarizing the incidence and mortality. The incidence and mortality were divided in equivalent forms and were split. The criteria dividing the size of cancer burden were used as the maximum incidence and mortality by men and women according to the world database, and the value corresponding to 10% of each maximum was set as the cut-off value. In SMCB, the size of cancer burden was highest for men with lung cancer (SMCB=18) and for women with breast cancer (SMCB=14) in MDR (more developed regions) compared to the size of burden in LDR (lower developed regions) (lung, SMCB=11, breast, SMCB=8). For men, the size of cancer burden by region was highest in EURO (SMCB=18, lung), followed by WPRO (SMCB=16, lung), PAHO (SMCB=14, prostate), AFRO (SMCB=8, prostate) and SEARO (SMCB=7, lung). Moreover, for women, the size of cancer burden was greatest in EURO (SMCB=14, breast), followed by PAHO (SMCB=13, breast), AFRO (SMCB=11, cervix uteri), EMRO (SMCB=9, breast) or SEARO (SMCB=8, cervix uteri) and WPRO (SMCB=7, lung). The summary indicator will help to provide a priority setting for reducing cancer burden in health policy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5249-5255
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• 2013

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a single measure of cancer burden (SMCB), which can prioritize cancer sites by considering incidence and mortality. Materials and Methods: Incidence data from 1999 to 2010 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Mortality data from 1999 to 2010 were obtained from Statistics Korea. The SMCB was developed by adding incidence and mortality scores. The respective scores were given such that incidence and mortality were classified by ten ranges of equal intervals. Results: According to the SMCB in 2010, stomach cancer ranked $1^{st}$ in males with 20 points, and colorectal cancer was $2^{nd}$ with 11 points. Breast cancer and thyroid cancer were joint $1^{st}$ with 11 points for females. The SMCB for females was less than that for males. The burden of stomach cancer was $1^{st}$ in males from 1999-2010. The incidences of lung cancer and liver cancer decreased, whereas thyroid cancer and colon cancer increased during the period. Breast cancer and thyroid cancer burden showed tendencies to increase in females. Comparison of SMCB with disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and socioeconomic costs in 2005 showed that the top five cancer sites were similar, but there were differences in the size of the cancer burden. Conclusions: The SMCB indicated that the burdens of stomach cancer in males and thyroid and breast cancers in females were large. The single measure showed an advantage, reflected as the equivalent dimensions of incidence and mortality, whereas DALY and economic costs showed tendencies to reflect premature death.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.167-173
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• 2023

X-ray general radiography is the simplest and most important one to get a lot of information. Nevertheless, current x-ray general radiography does not observation in-depth observation. Information about the anatomy of the human body and changes in disease in x-ray general radiography can be obtained but it is difficult to determine the size and shape of the actual lesion due to the disadvantage of expanding the image. In this study, PA and LAT images were acquired and cancer magnification was calculated in the images by measuring the distance of cancer samples. By adjusting the magnification the actual cancer length and thickness were measured and compared with the CT image and the actual cancer sample size. After the PA and LAT images of the inserted 6.0 mm cancer sample were obtained and the magnification was corrected, the length was 5.9 mm and the thickness was 6.1 mm. This value was measured similarly to the actual. The problem of obtaining the magnification that needs to know the actual length from the detector to the cancer sample was secured by obtaining the magnification through PA and LAT images and it is possible to accurately measure the cancer sample size. X-ray general radiography may provide useful information in situations where CT imaging is difficult.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.625-632
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• 2020

In the diagnosis of lung cancer, the tumor size is measured by the longest diameter of the tumor in the entire slice of the CT. In order to accurately estimate the size of the tumor, it is better to measure the volume, but there are some limitations in calculating the volume in the clinic. In this study, we propose an algorithm to segment lung cancer by applying a custom loss function that combines focal loss and dice loss to a U-Net model that shows high performance in segmentation problems in chest CT images. The combination of values of the various parameters in custom loss function was compared to the results of the model learned. The purposed loss function showed F1 score of 88.77%, precision of 87.31%, recall of 90.30% and average precision of 0.827 at α=0.25, γ=4, β=0.7. The performance of the proposed custom loss function showed good performance in lung cancer segmentation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2002

Positron emission tomography(PET) is an imaging method that employs radionuclide and tomography techniques. Since 1995, we applied PET not only to the diagnosis of breast cancer but also to the detection of abnormalities in the augmented breast and to the detection of metastasis. Until 2001, we evaluated 242 breast cases by PET at PET center of Seoul National University Hospital. Our group has reported serially at the international journals. In the first report, PET showed high sensitivity for detecting breast cancer, both the primary and axillary node metastasis. A total of 27 patients underwent breast operations based on PET results at Seoul National University Hospital from 1995 to 1996. The diagnostic accuracy of PET were 97% for the primary tumor mass and 96% for axillary lymph node metastasis. In case of the breast augmented, PET also showed excellent diagnostic results for primary breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis where mammography and ultrasound could not diagnose properly. PET also had outstanding results in the detection of recurrent or metastatic breast cancer(sensitivity 94%, specificity 80%, accuracy 89%). In addition, our study gave some evidence that PET could be applied further to evaluate the growth rate of tumors by measuring SUV, and finally to prognosticated the disease. PET could also be applied to evaluate the response after chemotherapy to measure its metabolic rate and size. In conclsion, PET is a highly sensitive, accurate diagnostic tool for breast cancer of primary lesion in various conditions including metastasis.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2006

Purpose: IMRT quality assurance(Q.A) is consist of the absolute dosimetry using ionization chamber and relative dosimetry using the film. We have in general used 0.015 cc ionization chamber, because small size and measure the point dose. But this ionization chamber is too small to give an accurate measurement value. In this study, we have examined the degree of calculated to measured dose difference in intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) based on the observed/expected ratio using various kinds of ion chambers, which were used for absolute dosimetry. Materials and Methods: we peformed the 6 cases of IMRT sliding-window method for head and neck cases. Radiation was delivered by using a Clinac 21EX unit(Varian, USA) generating a 6 MV x-ray beam, which is equipped with an integrated multileaf collimator. The dose rate for IMRT treatment is set to 300 MU/min. The ion chamber was located 5cm below the surface of phantom giving 100cm as a source-axis distance(SAD). The various types of ion chambers were used including 0.015cc(pin point type 31014, PTW. Germany), 0.125 cc(micro type 31002, PTW, Germany) and 0.6 cc(famer type 30002, PTW, Germany). The measurement point was carefully chosen to be located at low-gradient area. Results: The experimental results show that the average differences between plan value and measured value are ${\pm}0.91%$ for 0.015 cc pin point chamber, ${\pm}0.52%$ for 0.125 cc micro type chamber and ${\pm}0.76%$ for farmer type 0.6cc chamber. The 0.125 cc micro type chamber is appropriate size for dose measure in IMRT. Conclusion: IMRT Q.A is the important procedure. Based on the various types of ion chamber measurements, we have demonstrated that the dose discrepancy between calculated dose distribution and measured dose distribution for IMRT plans is dependent on the size of ion chambers. The reason is small size ionization chamber have the high signal-to-noise ratio and big size ionization chamber is not located accurate measurement point. Therefore our results suggest the 0.125 cc farmer type chamber is appropriate size for dose measure in IMRT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.523-528
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• 2020

The application of breast cancer, which has the highest incidence in females among cancer that is the number one cause of death for dogs, was to be evaluated the absorbed dose during brachytherapy using simulation. MCNPX program was used for simulation, and a small size canine phantom was produced to measure absorbed dose. The results of the absorbed dose was the highest at ¹⁹²Ir to 1.02E-12 Gy/# for tumors, and the same tendency was shown for internal and external absorbed dose. Therefore, the selection of appropriate sources for dog breast cancer should be considered in brachytherapy, taking into account dog breeds and exposures.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2006

Aims: This overview summarizes the existing evidence on acupuncture for cancer-related pain. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in 7 databases. All clinical studies of acupuncture, electroacupuncture, ear acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in cancer patients with the main outcome measure of pain were included. Results: Of the 8 studies included, one high quality randomized clinical trial (RCT) of ear acupuncture showed statistically significant pain relief in comparison with placebo ear acupuncture. All the other studies were either non-blinded (n = 2) or uncontrolled clinical trials (n = 5). Most investigations suffered from methodological flaws such as inadequate study design, poor reporting of results, small sample size and overestimation of the results. Conclusions: The current evidence does not support the use of acupuncture as an adjunctive analgesic method for cancer patients. Only one high quality RCT showed promising results thus warranting further investigation into this under-researched area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.231-232
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• 2002

We have been developing microvolume LET counter in order to measure the three-dimensional LET distribution of the therapeutic heavy ion radiation volumes in the water phantom. With help of the technique of cathode induced carhge readout, this detector has a rectangular (box-shape) sensitive volume of which size is about 1 mm$^2$ and 2mm (depth).

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

The incidence of gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NET) has been increased with the improvement of endoscopy accessibility. The World Health Organization classified NET of low (G1), intermediate (G2), high (G3) grade and neuroendocrine carcinoma with poor differentiation by mitotic count and Ki-67 labeling index. Gastric NET are divided into three subtypes based on the pathophysiology, and treatment is determined according to the subtype and prognostic factors of tumor. For diagnosis, endoscopy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasonography, abdominal pelvis computed tomography, and serum gastrin level measure are required. In general, type 3, size > 2 cm, deep submucosal infiltration, high histological grade, lymphovascular invasion and metastasis are poor prognostic factors. Type 1 or 2 without these factors are treated by endoscopic resection, and other tumors needs surgery. Endoscopic resection of early type 3 or type 1 and 2 tumors with poor prognostic factors still remains a challenge.