• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.316-323
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• 2007

This study was carried out to obtain the basic data for the development of the solid fuel with investigating the characteristics of mixtures of animal wastes and wasted coal and supply it as an energy resource to agricultural farms for heating of agricultural facilities. It was investigated for the characteristics of animal wastes (swine waste, swine waste with sawdust, cattle waste), wasted coal, the mixtures of animal wastes and wasted coal with or without mixing seawater. The characteristics of solid fuel according to the mixture ratio of animal wastes and wasted coal were analyzed. The effects of seawater affecting on calorific value and thermal pyrolysis of solid fuels were investigated. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The calorific value was improved with mixing seawater into wasted coal due to chemical reaction. 2) The diverse solid fuels of various calorific values can be made with adjusting the ratio of animal wastes and wasted coal. 3) Animal wastes and wasted coal had each different reaction temperature of thermal pyrolysis and the decreasing rate of weight. 4) The mixture of animal wastes and wasted coal would be ignited easily. Therefore, the solid fuel could be ignited more conveniently when seawater is mixed with it.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.115-115
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• 2011

Biodiesel (BD) was made from animal-fats reacting with methanol and potassium hydroxide in the laboratory. The biodiesel made in the laboratory was sent to K-petro, the government agency, to inspect the quality of animal-fats biodiesel, of which generally the quality was acceptable for heating oil for agricultural hot air heater. Kinematic viscosity and calorific values of the biodiesels were measured. BD20(K), kerosene based biodiesel, showed 18cSt at $-20^{\circ}C$. It seems that BD100 can not be suitable for heating fuel under some temperature. As BD content increased calorific value decreased, up to 40,000J/g for 100% BD, while light oil calorific value was 45,567J/g, showing difference of 5,567J/g, about 12% difference. Several different fuels, BD20, BD50, BD100 and light oil, were prepared and tested for fuel combustion qualities for agricultural hot air heater and their combustion performances were compared and analyzed. Flame dimensions of biodiesels and light oil were almost same shape at the same combustion condition in the burner of the hot air heater. Generally $CO_2$ amounts of BDs are greater than light oil. But,the differences are so small that it is hard to tell there was significant difference existed between the BDs combustion and light oil.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1129-1135
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• 2013

In this, three types of natural gas were employed to investigate the effect of low-calorific natural gas on the performance of and emissions from a heavy-duty CNG engine. The performance and emission characteristics were analyzed by conducting a full-load test, WHSC mode test, and WHTC mode test. The results showed that the torque of low-calorific natural gas with $9,800kcal/Nm^3$ of higher heating value decreased by 4.4 compared to that of the current natural gas with $10,400kcal/Nm^3$ of heating value. With low-calorific fuels, CO, $CO_2$, and $NO_x$ emissions decreased. However, THC emissions increased. According to the WHSC and WHTC mode test results, the thermal efficiency increased and the emission characteristics showed a similar trend to the full-load test results. Low-calorific natural gases cause a decrease in torque at full-load operation conditions and an increase in hydrocarbon emissions.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.137-141
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• 2001

The behavior of Cl is important to prevent HCl exhausted by incineration of RDF. Because RDF is composed of municipal wastes, its calorific value is very various. Thus components of RDF are to be analyzed and elemental analyze and calorific value are to be done. And in order to find the behavior of Cl during RDF combustion, Cl included in exhaust gas and ash is captured and analyzed. RDF which made by municipal and $Ca(OH)_2$ with regular ratio(Ca/0.5Cl) is incinerated in fluidized bed combustor. Cl included in exhaust gas and fly ash is captured and analyzed. Finally the change of Cl concentration included in exhaust gas and ash is analyzed and the behavior of Cl is investigated.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 2017

With the growing importance of GHG reduction, wood pellets are considered as a cheaper renewable energy and carbon neutral. On the other hand, there is a concern that the burning wood pellets may release even more air pollutants such as CO and VOCs. In this study, we analyzed the social costs of burning fuels including wood pellets and coals based on the unit calorific value. The social costs were calculated by sum of the import costs of the fuels and the emission costs of the air pollutants. The results showed that wood pellets are inferior to coals in the aspect of the social costs. It is necessary to improve the quality of the wood pellets and pellet boiler facilities for being used eco-friendly energy sources in the future. We suggest that the control facilities of CO and VOCs should be installed, if the control costs are lower than the pollution costs.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.84-93
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to modify the kerosene furnace, which is forced flue type with 15000kcal capacity, to gas furnace satisfying for CITY gas, LNG gas and LPG gas. The gas furnace, a kind of gas appliance, is mainly used for heating houses by combusion of gas. This paper describes briefly the design technology for gas burner which is most important in replacing kerosene fuel with gas fuel. Especially, the design for gas nozzle is constructed by theoretical and experimental method. It is found that the experimental results of the modified gas burner are good agreement with the theoretical results for calorific value and combustion efficiency. The result of this study will contribute in the design skill and of gas burner and similar gas appliance, and the pursuit for reduction of fuel cost as well as atmospheric pollution.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.89-93
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• 1999

Experimental studies are conducted to investigate the flame stability and the thermal/fuel NOx formation characteristics of the low calorific value(LCV) gas fuel. Synthetic LCV fuel gas is produced through mixing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia on the basis that the thermal input of the syngas fuel into a burner is identical to that of natural gas, and then the syngas mixture is fed to and burnt with air on flat flame burner. Flame behaviors are observed to identify flame instability due to blow-off or flash-back when burning the LCV fuel gas at various equivalence ratio conditions. Measurements of NOx in combustion gas are made for comparing thermal and fuel NOx emissions from the LCV syngas combustion with those of the natural gas one, and for analyzing ammonia to NOx conversion mechanism. In addition, the nitrogen dilution of the LCV syngas is preliminarily attempted as a NOx reduction technique.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.136-141
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• 2003

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.452-459
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• 2010

This study is aimed to investigate changes of combustion characteristics and heat efficiency when syngas from gasification process using low-rank fuel such as waste and/or biomass is applied partially to an industrial boiler. An experimental study on syngas co-combustion was performed in a 0.7 MW (1 ton steam/hr) water tube boiler using heavy oil as a main fuel. Three kinds of syngas were used as an alternative fuel: mixture gas of pure carbon monoxide and hydrogen, syngas of low calorific value generated from an air-blown gasification process, and syngas of high calorific value produced from an oxygen-blown gasification process. Effects of co-combustion ratio (0~20%) for each syngas on flue gas composition were investigated through syngas injection through the nozzles installed in the side wall of the boiler and measuring $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and NOx concentrations in the flue gas. When syngas co-combustion was applied, injected syngas was observed to be burned completely and NOx concentration was decreased because nitrogen-containing-heavy oil was partially replaced by the syngas. However, heat efficiency of the boiler was observed to be decreased due to inert compounds in the syngas and the more significant decrease was found when syngas of lower calorific value was used. However, the decrease of the efficiency was under 10% of the heat replacement by syngas.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2023

One type of biomass that has promising potential for bio pellet production is spent coffee grounds (SCGs). However, previous studies have shown that SCGs in bio pellets cause a lot of smoke. Therefore, they need to be mixed with a material that has a higher calorific value to produce better quality pellets. One material that can be used is pine wood because it has a natural resin content that can increase the calorific value. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of bio pellets produced with SCGs and pine wood charcoal at different particle sizes. The charcoal was ground using either a hammer mill (HM) or a ball mill (BM). Pine wood charcoal was mixed with SCGs at ratios of SCGs to pine wood charcoal of 4:6 and 6:4 by weight, respectively, and the adhesive used a tapioca with a composition ratio 5% of the raw material. The bio pellets were produced using a manual pellet press. The quality of the bio pellets was assessed based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8021-2014, and the physical observations include flame length, burning rate, and compressive strength. The average water content, ash content, and calorific value of the bio pellets were in accordance with SNI 8021-2014, but the density and ash content values were below the standard values. The BM variation of bio pellets had a higher compressive strength than the HM variation, and the 4:6 BM variation had the longest burning time compared with 4:6 HM.