• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2009

This study investigated the beneficial effects of crude saponins from soybean cake on body weight and glucose tolerance in high-fat (37% calories from fat) diet fed C57BL/6 mice. The mice were supplemented with three doses of saponins (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, wt/wt) and 1.0% Garcinia cambogia (wt/wt), positive control for 9 weeks. The body weight, visceral fat weight and epididymal adipocyte area were significantly reduced in the saponin supplemented groups in a dose dependent manner compared to the high-fat group. Saponins did not significantly affect food intake; however, cambogia significantly lowered food intake compared to the high-fat fed control group. The crude saponins from soybean cake supplement significantly lowered plasma leptin, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, whereas they significantly elevated the fecal excretion of triglyceide in a dose dependent manner compared to the high-fat group. Cambogia did not affect the fecal excretion of lipid in the diet-induced obese mice. Supplementation of 1.5% saponin reduced the hepatic triglyceride content compared to the high-fat group. High-fat induced glucose intolerance with the elevation of blood glucose levels compared to the normal group; however, the saponins supplement significantly improved postprandial glucose levels. After 9 weeks of being fed a high-fat diet, the mice presented with significantly increased activities of hepatic fatty acid synthase and fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation; however, saponins and cambogia normalized these activities. These results indicate that saponins from soybean cake exhibit a potential anti-obesity effect and may prevent glucose intolerance by reducing body weight and plasma lipids, increasing fecal lipid excretion and regulating hepatic lipid metabolism in high-fat fed mice.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2018

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the crops widely planted in tropical and subtropical areas. The papaya fruit has low calories and are plentiful in vitamins A and C and in minerals. A major problem in papaya production is a plant disease caused by the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The first PRSV-resistant GM papaya expressing a PRSV coat protein gene was developed by USA scientists in 1992. The first commercial GM papaya cultivars derived from the event was approved by the US government in 1997. Development of transgenic papayas has been focused on vaccine production and limited agricultural traits, including insect and pathogen resistance, long shelf life, and aluminum and herbicide tolerance. Approximately 17 countries, including the USA and China, produced transgenic papayas and/or commercialized them, which provoked studies on biosafety assessment and development of GM-detection technologies. For the biosafety assessment of potential effects on human health, effects of long-term feeding to model animals have been studied in terms of toxicity and allergenicity. Studies on environmental safety assessment include influence on soil-microbial biodiversity and transfer to soil bacteria of GM selection markers. Many countries, such as Korea, the European Union, and Japan, that have strict regulations for GM crops have serious concerns about unintended introduction of GM cultivars and food commodities using unauthorized GM crops. Transgene- and/or GM event-specific molecular markers and technologies for genomics-based detection of unauthorized GM papaya have been developed and have resulted in the robust detection of GM papayas.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.570-579
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• 2011

This study created hamburger patties by substituting a portion of the meat with sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) powder and/or cooked rice to reduce fat and calories and to add the functional components of the sea tangle. Four types of experimental patties were prepared: Control, L, LI, and LII. L was the patty with sea tangle powder substituted for 2.5% of the meat and LI and LII were patties with cooked rice containing sea tangle powder substituted for 25 or 50% of the meat. In all experimental patties, moisture content increased and crude fat and cholesterol content decreased, pH increased, and malondialdehyde concentration decreased compared to those in the control. The substitutions made the color of the patties darker with dimmed redness and amplified yellowness. The substitutions also made the cooking loss weight and diameter of the patties lessen but that of thickness increased. In the sensory evaluation, symmetry and color of the patties improved significantly by substituting sea tangle powder and/or cooked rice for meat, and no adverse effect on preference for the experimental patties and hamburgers was observed. Therefore, substituting sea tangle and/or cooked rice for a portion of the meat could be used to develop healthier patties without any adverse influence on preference or sensory evaluation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was designed to characterize the nutritional status and assess obesity to determine the relationship between obesity and serum lipid profiles in 6~7 year old children. Methods: In 2007, we surveyed 483 children (233 boys and 250 girls) aged 6~7 years. The total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and HDL-cholesterol were measured in the fasting state. Dietary information was obtained by a questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of obesity was 9.9%. There was no significant difference between genders. The mean caloric intake was 1,781 kcal in boys and 1,640 kcal in girls. The prevalence of excessive calories was 33% in boys and 30% in girls. The prevalence of a total cholesterol ${\geq}$200 mg/dL was 8.4%, TG ${\geq}$130 mg/dL was 5.0%, LDL-cholesterol ${\geq}$130 mg/dL was 3.1%, and HDL-cholesterol <35 mg/dL was 4.4%. The prevalence of hypertension was 2.1%. There was no significant difference between genders. The systolic blood pressure, triglyceride levels and LDL-cholesterol were significantly related to an increased obesity index (p<0.05). The mean caloric intake and nutritive component were not related to the obesity index. The obesity group was compared to the control group: for triglycerides ${\geq}$130 mg/dL the odds ratio was 4.08; for LDL-cholesterol ${\geq}$130 mg the odds ratio was 2.85; for a TC/HDL-cholesterol ${\geq}$4.0 the odds ratio was 1.16. The BMI and triglyceride levels in the group with hypertension were higher than control group (p<0.05). There were significant positive correlations between the BMI and blood pressure as well as the LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides (p<0.05). The BMI was not correlated with the mean caloric intake or nutrition. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia in 6~7 year old children was significantly related to an increased obesity index. The management of obesity in 6~7 year old children should include a reduction in the risk for hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the contents of meat and non-meat ingredients, calorie, fatty acid composition, and cholesterol contents of processed meat products of which informations are being provided for consumer and partly required for the current labeling system in Korea. A total of sixty-one domestic processed meat products produced from 6 domestic meat companies were collected at the large supermarkets in Suwon city; 1) 31 ham products(3 loin hams, 6 press hams, 20 mixed press hams and 2 fish hams), 26 sausage products(15 pork sausages, 7 mixed sausages and 4 fish sausages) and 4 ground processed meat products. Soy protein and com starch were widely used as non-meat ingredients for the most of processed meat products. The contents of meat, protein, fat, cholesterol contents, and calories were 75-98, 12-23, 1-16%, 7-50 mg/100g, and 1,620-3,127 cal/g for ham products and 60-96, 5-17, 3-27%, 5-73 mg/100g, and 1,271-3,546 cal/g for sausage products, respectively. The saturated(SFA), monounsaturated(MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) contents of ham products were 31-40, 44-53 and 60-72%, and those of sausage products were 17-38, 34-61, and 13-37%, respectively. The ranges of meat contents and nutritional compositions were considerably broad even in the same type of the meat products. Therefore, the labeling system of the nutritional facts for ham as well as sausage products is necessary to categorize the quality level and thus to give the nutritional information to consumer for better choice of products in market.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine if Mehrabian's eating-related characteristics questionnaire could be effectively applied in predicting obesity and eating disorders among Korean college students by examining the correlations between eating-related characteristics and anthropometry, nutrient intakes, psychological aspects of depression, and personality dimensions. The data were collected from 151 female students in classes of nutrition or psychology in Kyungnam University. Measurements of height, weight and triceps skinfold thickness (TSf) were made by well-trained interviewers, and BMI was calculated. Daily nutrient intakes were obtained from the self-reported three-day dietary records for the kinds and the amounts of foods consumed by the student subjects. The students were also asked to complete three questionnaires : Mehrabian's eating-related characteristics questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Berk Depression Inventory. The results of the study were as follows : 1) Reliability of factored homogeneous item dimensions (FHIDS) of the translated version of the eating-related characteristics questionnaire showed a similar profile compared with the original. Moreover, the loading values of Cronbach-$\alpha$ for some FHIDs, which were excluded in order to constitute primary-level factors (for example, 'predisposition to obesity' etc) with a high reliability, were much lower than Mehrabian's. Therefore the eating-related characteristics questionnaire could be effectively used for Korean students for predicting predisposition to obesity and eating disorders. 2) With regard to the relationship between anthropometric indices and eating-related characteristics, BMI measurements showed a high and a positive correlation with 'predisposition to obesity' and 'uncontrollable urges to eat', and a negative correlation with a 'predisposition to anorexia'. The heavier body weight and the more fat mass that the subjects had, the higher the probability that the subjects were overeating. 3) The intakes of some minerals (Fe, K, Na) and Vitamin C showed significantly negative correlations with a 'predisposition to obesity' and a 'predisposition to anorexia'. But the intakes of vitamin B$_2$, niacin, and retinol were positively correlated with'uncontrollable urges to eat'. 4) Among personality dimensions, neuroticism had a positive correlation with a 'predisposition to obesity', 'uncontrollable urges to eat', and 'predisposition to anorexia'. 5) Neuroticism was negatively correlated with intakes of calories, carbohydrates, K, Fe, Vitamin C, etc. On the contrary, all personality dimensions were positively correlated with intakes of retinol. In conclusion, the translated version of Mehrabian's eating-related characteristics questionnaire appears to be effective for nutritional or psychological assessments of any predisposition to eating disorders among Korean college students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1976

This is the report of a food consumption survey of 193 members of 30 farm families in three rural villages of Korea. From a total of 188 households of the three villages, namely Wolgok in Kyunggi Do Province, Wachon in Kangwon Do Province, and Sobong in Cholla Namdo Province, 30 households were chosen for the survey. Four consecutive seasonal surveys, beginning in the autumn, November 1974 and finishing with the summer, August 1975, were made and each survey covered three consecutive days. The Precise Weighing Method was used in evaluating the kinds of food and nutrient intakes of the subjects. This method entails the accurate weighing of all foods by the investigator just prior to their consumption by the subjects under investigation. This survey was male to determine the actual food eaten by the members of these farm families at each season of the year, and to note any special differences in the foods consumed. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Food Intake The traditional ordinary diet of Korean farmers consists mainly of rice and other cereals as staple foods, and simple subsidary foods. The nutritional shortcomings of rice as a staple food are evident in the subclinical status of nutritional deficiencies. The mean consumption of cereals and their products was very high and it was more than half of the daily total food intake throughout all the seasons. The consumption of animal food, fruits, and fat by the farmers was very low. Fruit intake during winter and spring was almost nil. One of the special foods in the Korean dietary pattern is Kim-chi, a variety of pickled and fermented vegetables. The mean intake of Kim-chi during autumn and winter was very much higher than the other seasons. Korean farmers have difficulties in balanced year-round supply of food due to seasonality of food production and lack of food preservation. As nutrition problems of Korean farmers are highly influenced by seasonal variations, the expansion of an appropriate food preservation and storage programme should be encouraged. Special consideration should be given to new methods of preservation, the types of foods preserved, and production and consumption of nutritionally valuable foods for the improvement of the nutritional status in rural communities. Nutrient Intake Average adult rates for calorie and protein in the three study areas were 0.80 and 0.87 respectively, with little variations by villages. The adult caloric intake in averaged 2,928 kcal for autumn, 2,662 for winter, 2,673 for spring, and 2,760 for summer. Cereals contributed most of the total calories. In terms of the recommended daily dietary allowances for the Korean given by the Korea FAO Association, the diets in this survey were adequate except in the winter and spring. The protein intake averaged from 76.4 grams in autumn to 83.4 grams in summer and was near the recommended allowance, but a relatively large proportion of the total protein came from cereals and their products. The fat intake was unsatisfactory, ranging from 19.2 grams to 29.3 grams for the four seasons, and the consumption during farming season was higher than other seasons. It is apparent that the diet of the Korean farmers should be supplemented by calcium during autumn and winter. The highest calcium intake, with a mean of 583.5 milligrams, was recorded in summer. The mean intake of iron ranged from a low of 9.2 milligrams in the autumn to a high of 15.0 milligrams in the spring and it was satisfactory for all seasons. Among the vitamin group, the daily average intakes of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid were lower than the desired intake throughout all the seasons. The mean vitamin A intake as ${\beta}-carotene$ ranged from a low of 2,807.8 IU to a high of 5,221.0 IU. The thiamine intake ranged from 0.98 milligrams to 1.19 milligrams, while mean riboflavin intake ranged from 0.92 milligrams to 1.13 milligrams. Ascorbic acid intake was 37.3 milligrams, the lowest, and the highest 47.8 milligrams. Niacin intake among Korean farmers was higher than the recommended allowance throughout all the seasons, and the mean intake ranged from 18.3 milligrams to 25.8 milligrams. The main character of the Korean farmers' diet has been found low in quality of protein and high in carbohydrate. Attention should be paid to the low intake of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid among Korean farmers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.867-873
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• 1995

This study was done ot investigate the effect of chronic alcohol feeding and acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) treatment on hepatic mitochondrial ATPase activity andmembrane lipid composition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 120~125g, were fed for 6 weeks on a liquid diet containing 35% of calories as ethanol. After 4 weeks of experiment diet feeding, 2-AAF(100mg/kg body weight) was injected twice a week intraperitoneally. Body weight and percent liver weight per body weight were significantly changed by ethanol feeding. Hepatic mitochondrial ATPase activity significantly decreased by ethanol feedings but not by 2-AAF treatment. In comparison to control, the ATPase activity of ethanol-AAF group decreased 29.3%. Since phospholipid(PL) content of mitochondria has an interaction effect between ethanol and 2-AAF treatment, 2-AAF treatment significantly increased phospholipid content in only ethanol fed group. Total cholesterol(C) level of mitochondria significantly increased by ethanol feeding. Consequently C/PL ratio of ethanol group was significantly higher than that of control group. The analysis of mitochondrial PL composition showed that cardiolipin(CL) significantly increased by 2-AFF treatment in control group. Phosphatidyl choline(PC) significantly increased by ethanol feeding, whereas PC significanlty decreased and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) significantly increased by 2-AAF treatment. 2-AAF treatment also showed a significant increase in PE/PC ratio. Fatty acid patterns of mitochondria were also changed by either ethanol or 2-AAF although the severity of the changes was not great. These data suggest that the reduced mitochondrial ATPase activity in ethanol-AAF group may be a consequence of a changes in mitochondrial membrane lipid composition such as PE/PC ratio, C/PL ration and fatty acid patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.309-317
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate convenience foods at convenience stores, by examining consumption patterns, as well as the degree of checking food-nutrition labeling. In this study, 208 workers in Busan in their 20s or 30s were surveyed using 1:1 interview questionnaires. The weekly usage frequencies of cup-ramyeon, gimbap, ramyeon, and sandwiches were 41.0%, 39.4%, 32.7%, and 19.0% respectively. The usage frequency of convenience foods was 12.0% for 'over 5 times/week', 23.0% for '3~4 times/week', 31.7% for '1~2 times/week', 29.8% for '1~2 times/month', and 3.4% for zero usage. Workers in their 20s showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher rate in the '3~4 times/week' as well as '1~2 times/week' intervals than workers in their 30s. Single people showed a significantly (P<0.01) higher rate than married people. Workers in their 20s showed a significantly higher score for the '3~4 times/week' as well as '1~2 times/week' intervals (P<0.05). The mean score of checking food labeling was 4.02/5.00 for the manufacturer's date, or expiration date, 3.23/5.00 for weight or volume, 2.99/5.00 for cooking method, and 2.85/5.00 for storage method. Females showed significantly (P<0.01) higher rates for checking the manufacturer's date or expiration date, as well as source of the raw material. Single workers showed significantly (P<0.01) higher rates for checking the manufacture's or expiration date as well as storage method. The mean score for checking nutrition labeling was 3.06/5.00 for calories, 2.84/5.00 for trans fat, 2.80/5.00 for sodium, and 2.76/5.00 for cholesterol. Females showed a significantly (P<0.01) higher rate for six of 10 items. Workers in their 20s showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher rate for four of 10 items. Expert officials showed significantly higher rate for six of 10 items (P<0.05) and two of 10 items (P<0.01), respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.683-690
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• 2000

In this research high-fat-diet, which amounts to 40% out of the total calories, is prepared and taken to SD-lined rats for four weeks, and the exercise is taken using treadmill so that two groups are formed; one is for exercise group (E, EG) and the other for non-exercise group (CO,G). In addition the diet-intake-amount and body weight are measured for momparing a green tea extract intake group (EG,G) with a non-intake group (CO,E) and then serum lipid components can be analyzed after four weeks. Considering the total diet amounts for four weeks, Co group has the largest while the EG group does the smallest for the diet-intake-amounts; there is, however, no significant difference among all groups. Both body weight gain and the feed efficiency ratio of the CO group are larger than those of the EG and G group with significant differences (p<0.05). Taking into account the serum lipid components analysis, all of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride of EG group have smaller values than those of non-exercise groups (CO,G) with significant differences (p<0.05) respectively, while HDL/LDL-cholesterol of EG group does a larger value than that of non-exercise groups with significant difference (p<0.05); these, hence, show efficient results. For the HDL-cholesterol level, there are no significant differences among each group and the ratio TC/HDL-cholesterol of EG group is smaller than that of Co group with a significant difference (p<0.05). Therefore, we can draw conclusions that exercise and green tea extract intake group (EG) has relatively better results than non-exercise groups (CO, G) through serum lipid components results and furthermore the effects of the green tea extracts intake is considered to play a supplementary role for the improvement of the serum lipid components.