• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.419-426
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• 1992

After the virtual eradication of cattle during World War II, Papua New Guinea herds were rebuilt with Shorthorn and Aberdeen Angus cattle from Australia. These, and Red Sindhi and Sahiwal, imported in 1952, were considered unsuitable breeds. In 1954, Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries imported three Brahman bulls and three heifers from Texas and in 1960 began importations of Afrikaner from Queensland. In Central Province, Brahmans were crossed with Angus and at Erap (Morobe) the hottest place in Papua New Guinea, Shorthorns were crossed with Afrikaners. In 1965, Brahman and Brahman-cross were sent to Erap. Records of breeding and growth rates were collected for use in upgrading in cattle of the basis of performance, not pedigree. The data are not ideal for genetic analysis, since no control groups were maintained. Birth weights (BWT), weaning weights (WWT) and calving intervals (CI) were analysed for the period 1969-1978. After exclusion of unsatisfactory data, 2,514 calf records were used, including both breeds from 1969 to 1973, but only Brahman-cross subsequently. Breed mean BWT ranged only from 30.6 to 33.8 kg. As Brahman content increased, BWT decreased and WWT increased; within a genotype, there was a negative maternal effect of high Brahman content on BWT and a positive effect on WWT which ranged from 138 to 174 kg. Afrikaner calves had heavier BWT but lighter WWT. As expected, bulls were heaviest, heifers lightest and mature cows bore and reared heavier calves. Calving interval (405 days, equivalent to 90% calving) was unaffected by breed but 4-year old cows averaged 423 days. Breed differences in BWT and WWT are consistent with the body of literature on performance of Brahmans and Afrikaners. Since cattle tick are not present and internal parasites are insignificant at Erap, the superiority of Brahmans indicates that they were better at utilizing the mediocre quality grazing of the Markham Valley or were more heat tolerant. Performance selection over ten years resulted in the virtual elimination of Afrikaners, with the final genotype approximately 9/16 Brahman, 3/8 Shorthorn and 1/16 Afrikaner.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze University Woman Students' recognition of their physical bodies and the effects that their recognition has on their image and satisfaction of their physical bodies. The result of study is as follows. 1) According to the result of the analysis of the difference between University Woman Students students' practical physical sizes and ideal sizes, it was showed that their heights and burst should be larger than their practical physical sizes but their waist, hip, and weight should be reduced.2) According to the result of the analysis of the factors for the evaluation of University Woman Students students' behavioral body images, Factor I was 'Management of Appearance', factor II was 'Management of Weight' and Factor III was 'Satisfaction of Appearance'. Considering the result of correlation of factors of the body images, it was showed that the more interest they had on their appearances, the more management they had on their weights. 3) They had comparatively positive recognition on their physical bodies. However, regarding their degrees of the satisfactions on their physical parts, they showed somewhat dissatisfaction on all the items of their physical parts. 4) According to the result of the analysis of the correlation between their recognition of the physical types and their satisfaction of them, it was showed that they had more satisfactions when their heights were higher and their weights were lighter. In addition, it was showed that they had more satisfaction when they had larger busts and regarding their waists, hips, upper arms, lower arms, wrists, thighs, and calf measurements, they had more satisfactions when they had thinner ones and regarding their shoulders' measurements, it was showed that they had more satisfactions when they had narrower shoulders' measurements.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.276-281
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• 2004

In this study we investigated the spectral properties, including electric absorption, circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD), and fluorescence emission, of DNA in a DNA-branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polyplex at various polymer molecular weights (M$\_$w/) and BPEI-amine-to-DNA-phosphate ratios (N/P ratios). All BPEIs exhibited a common N/P dependence in their absorption and CD spectra. At N/P ratios ＜ 1.0, we observed some hyperchromism in the absorption spectrum, red-shifts in CD bands, and decreases in LD intensity and fluorescence intensity of intercalated ethidium. At intermediate N/P ratios, complete collapse of all spectra occurred. As the N/P ratio increased further, the polyplex dissolved in water. From its characteristic CD spectrum obtained under these conditions, we conclude that the DNA exists in a B-like form. The fluorescence and LD intensities never recovered even at high N/P ratios- which indicates that the dissolved polyplex possesses positive charges and the DNA in the polyplex is condensed despite its B-form CD spectrum. The N/P range in which the absorption and CD signals collapsed was wider when the BPEIs M$\_$w/ decreased. In the case where the BPEIs M$\_$w/ was 0.8 k, recovery of the absorption and CD spectral properties at a high N/P ratio was never achieved, which suggests that the molecular weight of the polymer plays an important role in its dissolution at a high N/P ratio.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 1998

Six Holstein heifer calves weaned at 45 days-of-age were randomly allocated into high daily gain (1.1 kg/d, HDG) and low daily gain (0.56 kg/d, LDG) groups, and were slaughtered at 170 kg of live weight. Energy intake level in the feeding period was 2.4 $\times$ maintenance in 105 days for HDG and 1.4 $\times$ maintenance in 216 days for LDG calves. Total length of the small intestine was identical between groups, but both weights of the pancreas and of the small intestinal mucosa were greater (p < 0.01) for HDG calves. Alpha-amylase, lipase, proteinase, and trypsin activities of the whole pancreas were higher (p < 0.05) in HDG calves. Disaccharidase activity of the whole small intestinal mucosa was also higher (p < 0.10) for HDG than for LDG calves. However, the enzymatic activities, expressed as per gram or per protein of the pancreas and the small intestinal mucosa, were not affected (p > 0.10) by the plane of nutrition. These results suggest that the digestive enzyme activity in the small intestine varies primarily with the weight of tissues synthesizing the enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 1990

A splenectomized 5-month-old calf was inoculated with cryopreserved Theileria sergenti infected blood originated from naturally infected Korean native cattle in Chonbuk district. At peak parasitemia (40.1%), blood was collected, washed, lysed and then the T sergenti merozoite was isolated by differential centrifugation. Antigenic profile of isolated T sergenti organism was analized by SDS-PAGE and western blotting techniques. Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gel revealed at least twelve protein bands of approximately 14Kd, 28Kd, 30Kd, 34Kd, 36Kd, 38Kd, 41Kd, 56Kd, 66Kd, 72Kd, 97Kd and 116Kd in the merozoite homogenate. In western blot, although T sergenti antigen recognized by specific anti-T sergenti antibodies demonstrated 28Kd, 30Kd, 38Kd, 56Kd, 58Kd, 66Kd, 97Kd and 116Kd proteins. False positive reactions were also observed in normal bovine serum with T sergenti and normal erythrocytic antigens. Therefore, predominant proteins of T sergenti merozoite antigen were found to be 28Kd, 30Kd, and 41Kd proteins of molecular weights. On going studies we will analyze the relative importance of those antigens for immunity of T sergenti in Korean native cattle.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2014

Korean native cattles (Han woo) are divided yellow, tiger(blinder), and black by coat color. Chikso has tiger coat color, which cultured about 1,700 heads within Korea. However there were a few researches reported about preservation and production. This study was conducted to investigated that the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) dosage(240 mg and 280 mg) on the embryo production, pregnancy and calf birth weights. There were no difference total embryo and transferable embryo between FSH 240 mg or 280 mg treatment, but pregnancy rate was increased 46% in embryos derived from 280 mg group than 240 mg group's 29.6%. The birth weight of Chikso calves was similar between artificial insemination(25.6 kg) and embryo transfer(24.8 kg) groups.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.216-225
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• 2003

To demonstrate the effect of physical irritancy(massages) on the skeletal muscles of immobilization ddY mice models induced by right side sciatic nerve neurectomy, the cross sectional histological profiles of the muscularis (M) gastrocnemius, M. tibialis cranialis and M. tibialis caudalis were observed after 28 days of treatment of physical irritancy with the changes of body weight thickness of hind limb and individual muscle weights. In addition, changes of demonstrated with diameter of individual muscle fiber and muscle fasciculata, and number of muscle fiber in each of three types of muscles located in the calf. The massages were used in this study as physical irritancy. The experimental groups were divided into five groups, 1) Sham-operated group(Sham), 2) Neurectomized but not physical irritated control group(Control), 3) Neurectomized and physical irritated at knee pint regions(T1), 4) Neurectomized and physical irritated at calf regions(T2), and 5) Neurectomized and physical irritated at achilles tendon regions(T3). The experimental animals were used 5 per groups. The changes of number or diameter of muscle fiber in each muscles were calculated using automated image analyzer. The results are as follow : Thickness(diameter) of muscle fiber of M. gastrocnemius, M. tibialis cranialis and M. tibialis cranialis in right side of hind limb were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the thickness was significantly increased in physical irritated groups compared to that of Control group in followed order : T3

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding acidified milk on the growth and fecal microbial diversity of dairy calves. Methods: Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed pasteurized milk (PM, Control), while the other was fed acidified milk (AM) ad libitum until weaned (day 60). The experiment lasted until day 180. Results: There was no difference in the nutritional components between PM and AM. The numbers of Escherichia coli and total bacteria in AM were lower than in PM. At 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 days of age, the milk intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM (p<0.05), and the solid feed intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM at 61 to 90 days (p<0.05). The average daily gain of calves fed AM was also higher than that of calves fed PM at 31 to 60, 61 to 180, and 7 to 180 days (p<0.05). The calves fed AM tended to have a lower diarrhea rate than those fed PM (p = 0.059). Bacteroides had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 50, while Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005 had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 90 and calves fed PM on days 50 and 90. At the taxonomic level, the linear discriminant analysis scores of 27 microorganisms in the feces of calves fed AM and PM on days 50 and 90 were higher than 4.0. Conclusion: Feeding AM increased calf average daily gain and affected fecal bacterial diversity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.659-664
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• 1992

Twelve day old Pabna zebu calves of similar weights were assigned at random to 3 different calf starter-rations namely $T_0$, $T_1$ and $T_2$ to determine the effect of feeding regimes and growth pattern of calves upto 3 months of age. Calves allowed to intake starter 0.5 percent of body weight from 2nd week on to 7th weeks of age, while starter at 1 percent of body weight was allowed later on upto 13th weeks of age. Calves started to intake green grass after 2nd to 3rd weeks and average intake per day was limited to 1 kg upto the end of experiment, while calves started to take rice straw ad libitum after 6th weeks of age. Colostrum feeding was offered ad libitum and in addition calves suckled their dam's milk shortly before and after milking usually in the morning and evening. Growth of calves in different treatment groups was found statistically insignificant. The mean growth rate per head per day ranged from 196.43-375.0 g for $T_0$ group, 185.72-360.72 g for $T_1$ group and 180.1-385.72 g for $T_2$ group respectively between 1st to 7th weeks of age while the growth rate ranged from 309.53-328.57 g for $T_0$, 304.29-342.86 g for $T_1$ and 304.77-333.30 g for $T_2$ groups respectively from 9th weeks on to the end of the experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1569-1576
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• 2011

Accurate assessment of the nutritional status of Nguni cattle is becoming increasingly important in determining their mechanism for adaptation to challenging environments. Changes in body weights and concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), phosphorus (SIP), calcium and magnesium were determined in Nguni and crossbred calves raised on natural pasture from birth until weaning. At an early age, TP concentration in crossbreds was higher (p<0.05) than that of Nguni calves. However, TP levels increased with age in Nguni calves so that Nguni's had higher (p<0.05) TP levels than crossbreds at weaning. Nguni calves had higher (p<0.05) glucose concentrations than crossbreds in all the ages except in the third month. Serum NEFA levels in Nguni calves were higher (p<0.05) than in crossbreds at all ages except for the second month. Calcium levels decreased (p<0.05) with age in both genotypes. The blood TP concentrations tended to decrease (p<0.05) as body weight increased up to 80 kg, thereafter blood TP concentration increased (p<0.05) as body weight increased. Calcium concentrations in crossbred calves decreased (p<0.05) quadratically as the body weight increased. There was, however, a linear increase (p<0.05) in calcium concentrations in Nguni calves. The higher NEFA and TP concentrations at weaning and the TP increase in Nguni calves beyond 80 kg suggest that Nguni's utilise fibrous feeds better than crossbreds.